Long Qi, Chen Yuming and Chen Dahua
Institute for Electric Light Sources, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
E-mail: Longqi@fudan.edu.cn
Abstract. Hysteresis and mode transitions in inductively coupled Ar–Hg plasma in the electrodeless induction lamp are studied at different discharge frequencies and under different matching conditions. It is observed that transition currents change at different frequencies and hysteresis exists not only between the starting and minimum maintaining currents of the electromagnetic mode (H mode) discharge but also between the starting and minimum maintaining currents of the electrostatic mode (E mode) discharge. The illuminance and global electrical parameters in the mode transitions are recorded. It is shown that the E to H mode transition is accompanied by increased plasma resistance and decreased plasma reactance, which results in a higher efficiency in the H mode. Under the same output voltage of the radio frequency source, mode transition can also be triggered by changing the matching condition. The emission spectra recorded before and after the E to H mode transition provide experimental evidence for the theory that the change of the electron energy distribution function plays an important role in the hysteresis effect.
Print publication: Issue 15 (7 August 2006)
Received 10 May 2006, in final form 9 June 2006
Published 21 July 2006
Many of you have asked for more information on dimmable induction lighting systems. Here's a document detailing the technicals. The Chinese are really heading the efforts here because nationwide they are energy hungry and the authorities know they cannot build enough coal burning power plants in time. A similar situation is occuring in developing countries and cities like Dubai and Mexico. Though energy is cheap, there simply isn't enough to catch up with the explosive economic growth.
You can find the original document here. (Note: subscription may be required if you are not a member of IOP)
Thursday, May 10, 2007
Tuesday, May 08, 2007
The Science behind Miser Lighting
By: L. Michael Roberts, 2007 Fibro Light Technology Inc. - All Rights Reserved
In 2006, Miser lighting introduced new, energy efficient high-bay lighting fixtures based on research from Fibro Light Technology. These long lasting, energy efficient lights have the potential to save clients about 50% in energy and maintenance costs over their lifetime compared to typical Metal halide, Mercury vapour and Sodium lamps usually used in industrial lighting applications.
Many people who see the new lighting fixtures remark at how bright they appear and the high quality of light emitted from the fixtures. However, when people have compared light meter readings of the new lights with conventional lighting, the new lights are measured as producing less output on the meter than conventional lights. This has led to people questioning the installation of these lights - even though they use far less energy - as they expect that areas lit by them will not be bright enough compared to conventional lighting even though their eyes are telling them they are the same or brighter.
Their FAQ can be found here .
A comparison of a tunnel lighting project can be found here .
Their brochure and a simple cost savings estimate can be found here .
In 2006, Miser lighting introduced new, energy efficient high-bay lighting fixtures based on research from Fibro Light Technology. These long lasting, energy efficient lights have the potential to save clients about 50% in energy and maintenance costs over their lifetime compared to typical Metal halide, Mercury vapour and Sodium lamps usually used in industrial lighting applications.
Many people who see the new lighting fixtures remark at how bright they appear and the high quality of light emitted from the fixtures. However, when people have compared light meter readings of the new lights with conventional lighting, the new lights are measured as producing less output on the meter than conventional lights. This has led to people questioning the installation of these lights - even though they use far less energy - as they expect that areas lit by them will not be bright enough compared to conventional lighting even though their eyes are telling them they are the same or brighter.
Their FAQ can be found here .
A comparison of a tunnel lighting project can be found here .
Their brochure and a simple cost savings estimate can be found here .
Friday, April 13, 2007
Electrodeless Lamps
RPI, or Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, have this article on induction / electrodeless lamps from 1998. The original post can be found here
Electrodeless Lamps
When the fluorescent lamp first appeared in lamp catalogs in 1938, the lighting community saw it as a novelty source for producing colored light. Today, fluorescent lamps light over 50% of the building floorspace in the North America. Four companies hope that their electrodeless lamps can pull off a similar feat.
Philips Lighting's QL lamp system
In 1991, Philips introduced the QL in Europe. But how many specifiers realize that the QL has been available in North America since 1992? It's never been listed in Philips' North American catalog. "All we need to fill orders is a purchase order," says Lloyd Chapman, the product manager handling the QL for Philips' North American division.
In Europe, Philips sells the QL with several choices of luminaires. However, Philips doesn't offer QL luminaires in North America. Chapman believes that the QL could catch on here if it were packaged with a luminaire. Tom Heelan, CEO of WILA Lighting, agrees. "It's an OEM product...Philips can't sell this. We [luminaire manufacturers] have to do it for them." (An OEM is an original equipment manufacturer, a company that buys parts from manufacturers, puts them together, and sells the systems.)
Philips initially marketed the QL only to luminaire manufacturers. Although they liked the technology, the manufacturers did not market the QL because of its high cost and the lack of demand. Philips is now developing new marketing strategies. "We want to work with the marketplace to establish trial installations," says Chapman.
Luminaire manufacturers and specifiers are responding. In early 1995, Hadco, a division of Genlyte, worked with American Electric Power, a utility in Cleveland, Ohio, to set up a trial QL installation with outdoor post-top fixtures. And WILA Lighting joined with Philips and the municipality of Philadelphia to propose a test installation of over 100 QL systems to the Urban Consortium Energy Task Force.
Intersource Technology, Inc.'s E-Lamp
In the late 1980s, Intersource licensed the technology for the E-Lamp from Diablo Research Corporation (which presently has an engineering relationship with Intersource). After Intersource made a product announcement in June 1992, the E-Lamp caused a stir in major broadcast and print media. But where's the lamp?
Pierre Villere, founder and chairman of the board of Intersource, explains. "Intersource's efforts on what we call the A-Line replacement took longer and cost more than expected." More significant, feels Villere, is that in mid-to-late 1993 Intersource saw residential demand-side management programs coming to an end. "This put us in a quandary," says Villere, "because here we were with a product we were very close to taking out of engineering and into manufacturing, yet the programs that fueled the sales of high-efficiency lighting products were evaporating." Intersource felt that the American consumer would not voluntarily spend $10 to $15 on a long-life, high-efficiency product without utility rebates.
Intersource believes the commercial lighting market is more willing to invest in the E-Lamp. Villere notes the widespread acceptance of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) as an alternative to incandescent lighting in commercial market. "We want to do the same thing," says Villere. "We want the E-Lamp to become a standard in the industry." The company plans to sell the E-Lamp to OEMs and have them market their products as "E-Lamp Equipped." Intersource does not plan to enter the residential market in the near future.
GE Lighting's Genura
The E-Lamp's publicity elicited a response from GE. In a June 1992 memo to its lighting managers, GE stated that it had been developing and investing in electrodeless induction technology for many years. Two years later, GE introduced the Genura in Europe. "It's a highly successful lamp," says Terry McGowan, manager of application development at GE Lighting. "We cannot meet the demand and have committed every lamp that we manufacture." Because GE has to fill its European orders, the North American market won't see the Genura until the second quarter of 1995 or later. McGowan adds that GE will have samples available and wants to work with specifiers on projects.
GE will market the Genura as a retrofit for the 75-watt R30 lamps that will be eliminated in the U.S. after October 31, 1995 by the Energy Policy Act of 1992. GE is targeting the commercial market in areas such as retail stores and offices.
Fusion Lighting, Inc.'s sulfur lamp
In October 1994, news about Fusion's sulfur lamp spread across the major media and renewed interest in electrodeless technology. The technology behind the sulfur lamps is not new. Fusion Systems Corporation has a 20-year history of manufacturing microwave discharge units that are used for ultraviolet (UV) curing in the semiconductor and printing industries. In 1990, Fusion Systems discovered that sulfur in the gas fill of its units produced light resembling sunlight. Fusion Systems spun off Fusion Lighting in 1993 to develop the sulfur lamp as a commercial light source.
Since mid-1994, sulfur lamp prototypes have appeared in demonstrations. Reflector panels coated with a 3M optical film direct the light of two sulfur lamps at the entrance of the University Hospital in Lund, Sweden. In Washington, D.C., the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum (NASM) and the Forrestal Building feature light pipes made by A.L. Whitehead Ltd. that distribute light from sulfur lamps.
Fusion is now testing the Solar 1000, a smaller, improved version of the sulfur lamp. Sweden has several Solar 1000s for demonstrations in areas such as a botanical garden, post office, and commercial freezer. Kalle Hashmi, senior advisor to NUTEK (the Swedish National Board for Industrial and Technical Development), says, "We could probably place 500 of the Solar 1000s in the Scandinavian market now, but we can't get enough of them."
Kent Kipling, vice president of operations at Fusion Lighting, acknowledges that the company could sell more lamps now. However, Fusion is not ready to market the lamps. "We just need to make sure that we have everything fully understood and life tested before we get a lot of systems out there," says Kipling. "There's no particular area of concern; we're just being prudent." If Fusion decides to commercialize the Solar 1000, it could appear on the market in the first part of 1996.
How electrodeless lamps stack up
Performance-wise, the four lamps are often compared to CFLs and high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps. The table on p. ii lists their performance characteristics, some which are of particular concern to specifiers.
Electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electrodeless lamps are electronic devices, and like all electronic devices, they can generate EM waves. EMI occurs when unwanted EM signals, which travel through wiring or radiate through the air, interfere with desirable signals. The International Special Committee on Radio Interference (Comit* International Sp*cial des Pertubations Radio*lectriques, or CISPR) develops standards for EMI from lighting devices. CISPR standards are accepted by the European Community. In the U.S., the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates EM emissions in the communication frequencies of 450 kHz to over 960 MHz. Canada also regulates EM emissions over these frequencies. Manufacturers need to comply with FCC regulations to sell products in the U.S. However, manufacturer compliance doesn't assure that EMI won't occur in unregulated frequencies.
The Genura and the QL operate at 2.65 MHz, the European Community's standard for induction lighting. The Genura's reflector provides enough shielding to meet the FCC's EMI requirements for commercial use but not for residential use. GE is seeking FCC approval for residential use of the lamp.
The QL lamp system depends on appropriate luminaire designs to meet shielding requirements. Philips offers to test QL luminaires for OEMs to certify that their products are properly shielded and meet other design requirements.
The E-Lamp operates at 13.56 MHz and does not require external shielding to meet FCC requirements. It is approved for both commercial and residential use.
The sulfur lamp operates at 2.45 GHz for regulatory and economic reasons. That frequency is approved for electronics; for example, microwave ovens operate at 2.45 GHz. And because microwave ovens are popular, magnetron parts are produced in large quantities and are relatively inexpensive. The sulfur lamp hasn't yet been approved by the FCC, but Kipling is not concerned. "The RF shielding limitation is one we're not really worried about. We've got 30,000 [microwave discharge] systems out there right now."
Color. The induction lamps use rare-earth phosphors, giving them color properties similar to those of higher-end fluorescent lamps. The sulfur lamp produces a continuous spectrum similar to that of sunlight; Fusion claims there is virtually no spectral shift over the lamp's life. However, some people have complained about the greenish cast of its light. Kipling says that at the NASM, Fusion used a filter because the museum wanted warmer light. For future versions of the lamp, Fusion plans to adjust the color of the light based on feedback received from the demonstration sites.
Light output and control. Carl Hillmann, a lighting designer with Hillmann, Dibernardo and Associates, echoes a common concern about the QL: "It's not available in large enough wattages...It doesn't put out enough light to find its way into an inaccessible location." This is an issue because Philips promotes the QL for use in areas where maintenance costs are high; often these areas involve high mounting heights. According to Donald Fentress, architectural manager at Hadco, his company is working within this limitation. Hadco produces a post-top luminaire with a refractor globe optically designed to maximize the light output of the QL. The design allows the lamp to be used outdoors at heights of 10« to 12«.
Chapman says that Philips is developing QL systems with higher wattages and higher light output. But induction lamps are fluorescent lamps, so the amount of light they emit is proportional to the surface area of the bulb to which phosphors are applied. Increasing the light output requires an increase in the size of the system. The larger the system, the harder it is to control physically and optically.
Because the QL and E-Lamp's glass bulbs resemble the bulb of a common incandescent A-lamp, they benefit from having a shape familiar to specifiers. The spherical shape also means that reflectors can more effectively control their light output than that of the more linear CFLs. The Genura also benefits by having the familiar shape of an R lamp.
The sulfur lamp produces a large amount of light, making it convenient for remote-source lighting applications. At the NASM, three 90«-long light pipes, each lighted at one end by a single sulfur lamp, replaced 94 HID lamps. Because the sulfur lamp is a small, high-intensity source, luminaires for the lamp need to be designed carefully to control glare and light distribution.
None of the electrodeless lamps are entering the market with dimming capability. However, all are potentially dimmable, and the manufacturers are waiting to see if the market wants a dimmable product.
Efficacy. The efficacies of induction lamps are like those of CFLs or HID lamps of comparable light output. On the other hand, estimates of the Solar 1000's potential efficacy exceed 120 lumens per watt, including ballast losses. Fusion decreased the sulfur lamp's input power - and increased its efficacy - by eliminating the external compressor used to cool the rotating glass ball. The compressor was the system's main source of noise, so Fusion also eliminated a source of complaint. Hashmi believes that replacing the magnetron with advanced solid-state technology may increase the sulfur lamp's efficacy to as much as 300 lumens per watt.
Life. Long life is the most touted feature of electrodeless lamps. Because they have no filament or electrode, they don't fail from sputtering, breakage by shock, or other electrode-related phenomena. Though an induction lamp will fail when its electronics fail, its life is limited primarily by the degradation of phosphors.
Life for induction lamps is often rated in hours to 30% lumen depreciation, the point at which lamps normally need to be changed. The E-Lamp and the QL reach 30% lumen depreciation at 30,000 hours and 60,000 hours, respectively.
GE lists the Genura's life in terms of the industry-standard average rated life (the time it takes for 50% of tested lamps to fail). The Genura claims a 10,000-hour average rated life, which is also its point of 30% lumen depreciation.
Recently, Intersource and Philips recast lamp lives as average rated life, and the results are startling. Intersource claims that the E-Lamp has a lamp life of 50,000 hours, and Philips claims a life of over 100,000 hours for the QL. The Genura's 10,000 hours seems unimpressive by comparison. McGowan explains, "The only thing similar is that they are all based on induction. But the designs of the products are completely different, and they are designed for different applications."
The sulfur lamp's bulb practically has an infinite life because the sulfur and argon in its fill do not react with each other or with the glass. The magnetron limits the sulfur lamp's life. Fusion rated the life of its older prototype at around 10,000 hours. Kipling says that Fusion now uses magnetrons with 15,000- and 20,000-hour lives. Replacing the magnetron with solid-state technology can further extend lamp life.
Cost. If life is the most touted feature of electrodeless lamps, cost is the most touted disadvantage. The OEM cost of the QL is around $200; adding a luminaire brings the system to a market price of $500 to $800. Philips emphasizes the long life and the benefits of installing the QL in areas where maintenance costs are high. Chapman says, "You have to look beyond initial cost of the system and at lifecycle costs instead." Hillmann is doubtful: "It would take a long time to pay that [high initial cost] back, especially when access could be had with a small lift or step ladder, given how much light you get out of the QL right now." Heelan agrees that it may be too expensive in some spaces. "But if you're looking at a municipality or a university," he says, "you're talking long-term, maintained usage. That's where the QL really makes a difference."
Some luminaire manufacturers haven't developed products for the QL because the systems can't compete against lower-cost HID systems. Hadco's luminaire is easily retrofittable. Fentress says, "The unit is designed to allow the customer to buy and use high-pressure sodium now, but tomorrow if the cost effectiveness of the QL is resolved, there would be no problem to switch out the source." Additionally, because replacing a QL is expensive, the QL luminaire needs to be resistant to vandalism. WILA produces QL downlights with nearly unbreakable acrylic lenses.
There's no comment from Fusion on the price of the sulfur lamp, currently made in ones and twos for demonstrations and tests. Kipling notes, "Ultimately, what does it cost to buy an inexpensive microwave oven?" Hillmann, who worked on the original NASM lighting design, thinks, "The Fusion lamp has a lot of potential...But what is the cost of the system that conveys that light?" The light pipes and guides now available are reportedly quite expensive. Hashmi says that some manufacturers are starting to produce less expensive alternatives.
Though the Genura appears successful in Europe, some European specifiers feel that it's too expensive. And those who have heard its U.S. price of around $20 also think that it's expensive. "For the efficacy you get," says Fentress, "you might as well buy a CFL." The E-lamp is similarly priced, but it will be packaged with luminaires whose prices are unknown at this time.
Barriers to a bright future
"The barrier [of initial cost] is what the buying decisions are going to be based on in the U.S., and the buying decisions in Europe and Asia, quite frankly, appear to be very different," observes Kipling. Both Kipling and Villere think that cost is the major, if not only, barrier to the use of their lamps in the U.S. As with many new products, electrodeless lamps will have to break the vicious circle of demand and cost. Philips runs into a sole-sourcing problem with the QL: no one besides Philips makes a QL-type system. When choosing equipment, many specifiers need to get competitive bids or alternate sources of supply. Philips may offer guarantees to address this problem. Heelan comments, "Even now with some lamps that have more than one manufacturer, sole sourcing is a big problem. It's a problem Philips has with the white sodium lamps. It's a big problem GE had when they first put metal halides on the market." And it could be a problem with the other electrodeless lamps entering the market.
Then there's the h-word. "So far it's a lot of hype," says Hillmann of the sulfur lamp. Not that the lighting community is uninterested in new technologies - it's become wary of situations like the 1992 announcement of the E-Lamp. Besides hearing about products and looking at them in installations, specifiers want to examine the product itself and get samples as soon as possible. They want to be satisfied that a product is well developed so that their clients' buildings won't be test sites.
If the announcement of a new and exciting product is distant from its real availability, manufacturers may find themselves in a bind. "It's no longer the latest and greatest when it is finally available. There's no excitement about it," says Fred Davis, president of Fred Davis Corporation, a wholesaler of efficient lighting products. "They [manufacturers] won't get the leading-edge part of the market, and that leading-edge part of the market is a natural lead-in to the larger part of the market." Davis thinks that delays in the North American release of the Genura may be detrimental from a marketing perspective. He says, "Right now there are reflector CFLs in the 20-watt range that are fairly compact. But by the time the Genura comes out, 23- or 25-watt CFLs might be available in a reflector that would be just as compact." Davis thinks the E-Lamp could also fall behind if its release is continually delayed.
Perhaps electrodeless lamps will become popular through government intervention such as the Energy Policy Act. Villere thinks, "We will see...the same thing happen in high-efficiency lighting that we saw in terms of safety and emission control in the automobile industry."
The lighting community remains wary but hopeful about the promises borne by electrodeless lamps. Some imagine installing a lamp and not worrying about it for over 20 years. Some have given up waiting for the E-Lamp and fear there may be a similar wait for the sulfur lamp. Some think the QL has no general applicability and the Genura is not precise enough for architectural applications. But given the right job, electrodeless lamps can be the right tool. The success of electrodeless lamps will depend on the interaction among manufacturers and the rest of the lighting community.
Electrodeless Lamps
When the fluorescent lamp first appeared in lamp catalogs in 1938, the lighting community saw it as a novelty source for producing colored light. Today, fluorescent lamps light over 50% of the building floorspace in the North America. Four companies hope that their electrodeless lamps can pull off a similar feat.
Philips Lighting's QL lamp system
In 1991, Philips introduced the QL in Europe. But how many specifiers realize that the QL has been available in North America since 1992? It's never been listed in Philips' North American catalog. "All we need to fill orders is a purchase order," says Lloyd Chapman, the product manager handling the QL for Philips' North American division.
In Europe, Philips sells the QL with several choices of luminaires. However, Philips doesn't offer QL luminaires in North America. Chapman believes that the QL could catch on here if it were packaged with a luminaire. Tom Heelan, CEO of WILA Lighting, agrees. "It's an OEM product...Philips can't sell this. We [luminaire manufacturers] have to do it for them." (An OEM is an original equipment manufacturer, a company that buys parts from manufacturers, puts them together, and sells the systems.)
Philips initially marketed the QL only to luminaire manufacturers. Although they liked the technology, the manufacturers did not market the QL because of its high cost and the lack of demand. Philips is now developing new marketing strategies. "We want to work with the marketplace to establish trial installations," says Chapman.
Luminaire manufacturers and specifiers are responding. In early 1995, Hadco, a division of Genlyte, worked with American Electric Power, a utility in Cleveland, Ohio, to set up a trial QL installation with outdoor post-top fixtures. And WILA Lighting joined with Philips and the municipality of Philadelphia to propose a test installation of over 100 QL systems to the Urban Consortium Energy Task Force.
Intersource Technology, Inc.'s E-Lamp
In the late 1980s, Intersource licensed the technology for the E-Lamp from Diablo Research Corporation (which presently has an engineering relationship with Intersource). After Intersource made a product announcement in June 1992, the E-Lamp caused a stir in major broadcast and print media. But where's the lamp?
Pierre Villere, founder and chairman of the board of Intersource, explains. "Intersource's efforts on what we call the A-Line replacement took longer and cost more than expected." More significant, feels Villere, is that in mid-to-late 1993 Intersource saw residential demand-side management programs coming to an end. "This put us in a quandary," says Villere, "because here we were with a product we were very close to taking out of engineering and into manufacturing, yet the programs that fueled the sales of high-efficiency lighting products were evaporating." Intersource felt that the American consumer would not voluntarily spend $10 to $15 on a long-life, high-efficiency product without utility rebates.
Intersource believes the commercial lighting market is more willing to invest in the E-Lamp. Villere notes the widespread acceptance of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) as an alternative to incandescent lighting in commercial market. "We want to do the same thing," says Villere. "We want the E-Lamp to become a standard in the industry." The company plans to sell the E-Lamp to OEMs and have them market their products as "E-Lamp Equipped." Intersource does not plan to enter the residential market in the near future.
GE Lighting's Genura
The E-Lamp's publicity elicited a response from GE. In a June 1992 memo to its lighting managers, GE stated that it had been developing and investing in electrodeless induction technology for many years. Two years later, GE introduced the Genura in Europe. "It's a highly successful lamp," says Terry McGowan, manager of application development at GE Lighting. "We cannot meet the demand and have committed every lamp that we manufacture." Because GE has to fill its European orders, the North American market won't see the Genura until the second quarter of 1995 or later. McGowan adds that GE will have samples available and wants to work with specifiers on projects.
GE will market the Genura as a retrofit for the 75-watt R30 lamps that will be eliminated in the U.S. after October 31, 1995 by the Energy Policy Act of 1992. GE is targeting the commercial market in areas such as retail stores and offices.
Fusion Lighting, Inc.'s sulfur lamp
In October 1994, news about Fusion's sulfur lamp spread across the major media and renewed interest in electrodeless technology. The technology behind the sulfur lamps is not new. Fusion Systems Corporation has a 20-year history of manufacturing microwave discharge units that are used for ultraviolet (UV) curing in the semiconductor and printing industries. In 1990, Fusion Systems discovered that sulfur in the gas fill of its units produced light resembling sunlight. Fusion Systems spun off Fusion Lighting in 1993 to develop the sulfur lamp as a commercial light source.
Since mid-1994, sulfur lamp prototypes have appeared in demonstrations. Reflector panels coated with a 3M optical film direct the light of two sulfur lamps at the entrance of the University Hospital in Lund, Sweden. In Washington, D.C., the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum (NASM) and the Forrestal Building feature light pipes made by A.L. Whitehead Ltd. that distribute light from sulfur lamps.
Fusion is now testing the Solar 1000, a smaller, improved version of the sulfur lamp. Sweden has several Solar 1000s for demonstrations in areas such as a botanical garden, post office, and commercial freezer. Kalle Hashmi, senior advisor to NUTEK (the Swedish National Board for Industrial and Technical Development), says, "We could probably place 500 of the Solar 1000s in the Scandinavian market now, but we can't get enough of them."
Kent Kipling, vice president of operations at Fusion Lighting, acknowledges that the company could sell more lamps now. However, Fusion is not ready to market the lamps. "We just need to make sure that we have everything fully understood and life tested before we get a lot of systems out there," says Kipling. "There's no particular area of concern; we're just being prudent." If Fusion decides to commercialize the Solar 1000, it could appear on the market in the first part of 1996.
How electrodeless lamps stack up
Performance-wise, the four lamps are often compared to CFLs and high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps. The table on p. ii lists their performance characteristics, some which are of particular concern to specifiers.
Electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electrodeless lamps are electronic devices, and like all electronic devices, they can generate EM waves. EMI occurs when unwanted EM signals, which travel through wiring or radiate through the air, interfere with desirable signals. The International Special Committee on Radio Interference (Comit* International Sp*cial des Pertubations Radio*lectriques, or CISPR) develops standards for EMI from lighting devices. CISPR standards are accepted by the European Community. In the U.S., the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates EM emissions in the communication frequencies of 450 kHz to over 960 MHz. Canada also regulates EM emissions over these frequencies. Manufacturers need to comply with FCC regulations to sell products in the U.S. However, manufacturer compliance doesn't assure that EMI won't occur in unregulated frequencies.
The Genura and the QL operate at 2.65 MHz, the European Community's standard for induction lighting. The Genura's reflector provides enough shielding to meet the FCC's EMI requirements for commercial use but not for residential use. GE is seeking FCC approval for residential use of the lamp.
The QL lamp system depends on appropriate luminaire designs to meet shielding requirements. Philips offers to test QL luminaires for OEMs to certify that their products are properly shielded and meet other design requirements.
The E-Lamp operates at 13.56 MHz and does not require external shielding to meet FCC requirements. It is approved for both commercial and residential use.
The sulfur lamp operates at 2.45 GHz for regulatory and economic reasons. That frequency is approved for electronics; for example, microwave ovens operate at 2.45 GHz. And because microwave ovens are popular, magnetron parts are produced in large quantities and are relatively inexpensive. The sulfur lamp hasn't yet been approved by the FCC, but Kipling is not concerned. "The RF shielding limitation is one we're not really worried about. We've got 30,000 [microwave discharge] systems out there right now."
Color. The induction lamps use rare-earth phosphors, giving them color properties similar to those of higher-end fluorescent lamps. The sulfur lamp produces a continuous spectrum similar to that of sunlight; Fusion claims there is virtually no spectral shift over the lamp's life. However, some people have complained about the greenish cast of its light. Kipling says that at the NASM, Fusion used a filter because the museum wanted warmer light. For future versions of the lamp, Fusion plans to adjust the color of the light based on feedback received from the demonstration sites.
Light output and control. Carl Hillmann, a lighting designer with Hillmann, Dibernardo and Associates, echoes a common concern about the QL: "It's not available in large enough wattages...It doesn't put out enough light to find its way into an inaccessible location." This is an issue because Philips promotes the QL for use in areas where maintenance costs are high; often these areas involve high mounting heights. According to Donald Fentress, architectural manager at Hadco, his company is working within this limitation. Hadco produces a post-top luminaire with a refractor globe optically designed to maximize the light output of the QL. The design allows the lamp to be used outdoors at heights of 10« to 12«.
Chapman says that Philips is developing QL systems with higher wattages and higher light output. But induction lamps are fluorescent lamps, so the amount of light they emit is proportional to the surface area of the bulb to which phosphors are applied. Increasing the light output requires an increase in the size of the system. The larger the system, the harder it is to control physically and optically.
Because the QL and E-Lamp's glass bulbs resemble the bulb of a common incandescent A-lamp, they benefit from having a shape familiar to specifiers. The spherical shape also means that reflectors can more effectively control their light output than that of the more linear CFLs. The Genura also benefits by having the familiar shape of an R lamp.
The sulfur lamp produces a large amount of light, making it convenient for remote-source lighting applications. At the NASM, three 90«-long light pipes, each lighted at one end by a single sulfur lamp, replaced 94 HID lamps. Because the sulfur lamp is a small, high-intensity source, luminaires for the lamp need to be designed carefully to control glare and light distribution.
None of the electrodeless lamps are entering the market with dimming capability. However, all are potentially dimmable, and the manufacturers are waiting to see if the market wants a dimmable product.
Efficacy. The efficacies of induction lamps are like those of CFLs or HID lamps of comparable light output. On the other hand, estimates of the Solar 1000's potential efficacy exceed 120 lumens per watt, including ballast losses. Fusion decreased the sulfur lamp's input power - and increased its efficacy - by eliminating the external compressor used to cool the rotating glass ball. The compressor was the system's main source of noise, so Fusion also eliminated a source of complaint. Hashmi believes that replacing the magnetron with advanced solid-state technology may increase the sulfur lamp's efficacy to as much as 300 lumens per watt.
Life. Long life is the most touted feature of electrodeless lamps. Because they have no filament or electrode, they don't fail from sputtering, breakage by shock, or other electrode-related phenomena. Though an induction lamp will fail when its electronics fail, its life is limited primarily by the degradation of phosphors.
Life for induction lamps is often rated in hours to 30% lumen depreciation, the point at which lamps normally need to be changed. The E-Lamp and the QL reach 30% lumen depreciation at 30,000 hours and 60,000 hours, respectively.
GE lists the Genura's life in terms of the industry-standard average rated life (the time it takes for 50% of tested lamps to fail). The Genura claims a 10,000-hour average rated life, which is also its point of 30% lumen depreciation.
Recently, Intersource and Philips recast lamp lives as average rated life, and the results are startling. Intersource claims that the E-Lamp has a lamp life of 50,000 hours, and Philips claims a life of over 100,000 hours for the QL. The Genura's 10,000 hours seems unimpressive by comparison. McGowan explains, "The only thing similar is that they are all based on induction. But the designs of the products are completely different, and they are designed for different applications."
The sulfur lamp's bulb practically has an infinite life because the sulfur and argon in its fill do not react with each other or with the glass. The magnetron limits the sulfur lamp's life. Fusion rated the life of its older prototype at around 10,000 hours. Kipling says that Fusion now uses magnetrons with 15,000- and 20,000-hour lives. Replacing the magnetron with solid-state technology can further extend lamp life.
Cost. If life is the most touted feature of electrodeless lamps, cost is the most touted disadvantage. The OEM cost of the QL is around $200; adding a luminaire brings the system to a market price of $500 to $800. Philips emphasizes the long life and the benefits of installing the QL in areas where maintenance costs are high. Chapman says, "You have to look beyond initial cost of the system and at lifecycle costs instead." Hillmann is doubtful: "It would take a long time to pay that [high initial cost] back, especially when access could be had with a small lift or step ladder, given how much light you get out of the QL right now." Heelan agrees that it may be too expensive in some spaces. "But if you're looking at a municipality or a university," he says, "you're talking long-term, maintained usage. That's where the QL really makes a difference."
Some luminaire manufacturers haven't developed products for the QL because the systems can't compete against lower-cost HID systems. Hadco's luminaire is easily retrofittable. Fentress says, "The unit is designed to allow the customer to buy and use high-pressure sodium now, but tomorrow if the cost effectiveness of the QL is resolved, there would be no problem to switch out the source." Additionally, because replacing a QL is expensive, the QL luminaire needs to be resistant to vandalism. WILA produces QL downlights with nearly unbreakable acrylic lenses.
There's no comment from Fusion on the price of the sulfur lamp, currently made in ones and twos for demonstrations and tests. Kipling notes, "Ultimately, what does it cost to buy an inexpensive microwave oven?" Hillmann, who worked on the original NASM lighting design, thinks, "The Fusion lamp has a lot of potential...But what is the cost of the system that conveys that light?" The light pipes and guides now available are reportedly quite expensive. Hashmi says that some manufacturers are starting to produce less expensive alternatives.
Though the Genura appears successful in Europe, some European specifiers feel that it's too expensive. And those who have heard its U.S. price of around $20 also think that it's expensive. "For the efficacy you get," says Fentress, "you might as well buy a CFL." The E-lamp is similarly priced, but it will be packaged with luminaires whose prices are unknown at this time.
Barriers to a bright future
"The barrier [of initial cost] is what the buying decisions are going to be based on in the U.S., and the buying decisions in Europe and Asia, quite frankly, appear to be very different," observes Kipling. Both Kipling and Villere think that cost is the major, if not only, barrier to the use of their lamps in the U.S. As with many new products, electrodeless lamps will have to break the vicious circle of demand and cost. Philips runs into a sole-sourcing problem with the QL: no one besides Philips makes a QL-type system. When choosing equipment, many specifiers need to get competitive bids or alternate sources of supply. Philips may offer guarantees to address this problem. Heelan comments, "Even now with some lamps that have more than one manufacturer, sole sourcing is a big problem. It's a problem Philips has with the white sodium lamps. It's a big problem GE had when they first put metal halides on the market." And it could be a problem with the other electrodeless lamps entering the market.
Then there's the h-word. "So far it's a lot of hype," says Hillmann of the sulfur lamp. Not that the lighting community is uninterested in new technologies - it's become wary of situations like the 1992 announcement of the E-Lamp. Besides hearing about products and looking at them in installations, specifiers want to examine the product itself and get samples as soon as possible. They want to be satisfied that a product is well developed so that their clients' buildings won't be test sites.
If the announcement of a new and exciting product is distant from its real availability, manufacturers may find themselves in a bind. "It's no longer the latest and greatest when it is finally available. There's no excitement about it," says Fred Davis, president of Fred Davis Corporation, a wholesaler of efficient lighting products. "They [manufacturers] won't get the leading-edge part of the market, and that leading-edge part of the market is a natural lead-in to the larger part of the market." Davis thinks that delays in the North American release of the Genura may be detrimental from a marketing perspective. He says, "Right now there are reflector CFLs in the 20-watt range that are fairly compact. But by the time the Genura comes out, 23- or 25-watt CFLs might be available in a reflector that would be just as compact." Davis thinks the E-Lamp could also fall behind if its release is continually delayed.
Perhaps electrodeless lamps will become popular through government intervention such as the Energy Policy Act. Villere thinks, "We will see...the same thing happen in high-efficiency lighting that we saw in terms of safety and emission control in the automobile industry."
The lighting community remains wary but hopeful about the promises borne by electrodeless lamps. Some imagine installing a lamp and not worrying about it for over 20 years. Some have given up waiting for the E-Lamp and fear there may be a similar wait for the sulfur lamp. Some think the QL has no general applicability and the Genura is not precise enough for architectural applications. But given the right job, electrodeless lamps can be the right tool. The success of electrodeless lamps will depend on the interaction among manufacturers and the rest of the lighting community.
Whatever Happened to the E-Lamp?
This is an old article from 1994 when GE first marketed it's Genura lamp to the American public. The original post can be found here
In an effort to build a better light bulb, three manufacturers are producing or developing electrode-less induction lamps. But, so far, these lamps have not made it into the residential market.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
by Barbara A. Atkinson
Barbara A. Atkinson is a principal research associate in Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory's Energy Analysis Program. She performs analysis on lighting policy and building energy efficiency for the United States, Canada, Europe, and Central America.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In April 1994, General Electric (G.E.) Lighting announced that "the world's first practical compact high-tech induction reflector lamp" would be on the market in Europe within weeks. The lamp was on display at the European Hannover Fair in April and at Light Fair in New York in early May. It will be sold in the United States by the fourth quarter of 1994, according to G.E. At first calling it an E-lamp,* G.E. now simply designates their new reflector lamp by its trade name of Genura.
Haven't we heard of this technology before? Home Energy's Sept/Oct '92 issue reported the announcement of major investment funding for Intersource Technologies' E-lamp, an electrode-less induction lamp. Because of its compact size and longer life, the E-lamp would aim to replace the compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) as the state-of-the-art efficient light bulb.
Going Commercial
The news for households is that market research has convinced Intersource that the high price (about as much as a CFL) is a major barrier for residential consumers, for now. The company believes acceptance of the technology in the commercial market will be required before a strong residential market will develop. Meanwhile, G.E.'s product is not approved for use in the U.S. residential sector at all. Philips' "QL" induction lamp is a high wattage light source used only in the commercial and industrial sectors.
Intersource has continued research on its E-lamp, aiming toward a 1,500 lumen, 20-some watt replacement for the 100-watt PAR reflector lamp. Its efficacy is estimated at 60 lumens per watt (measured with center beam lumens). The company is looking for a prospective industry partner to produce prototype products by the end of 1994. While the lamp is approved by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for use in the residential sector, Intersource has moved away from a screw-in lamp design. Instead they plan to package the lamp inside a luminaire through OEMs (original equipment manufacturers) for the commercial/industrial market. Intersource has no plans to design an A-line version in the near future.
In the meantime, other manufacturers' research efforts on induction lighting has started to bear fruit. Thorn Lighting in the United Kingdom had a development program for electrode-less induction lamps. U.S.-based G.E. Lighting acquired Thorn in 1991 and continued the induction lighting program. The birth of the Genura lamp culminated an international collaboration among engineers in the United States, England, and Hungary. The lamps are produced at G.E.'s Tungsram plant in Hungary.
The first Genura model, now on sale in Europe, is a 23-watt reflector lamp that replaces a 100-watt incandescent reflector lamp. Because of voltage differences, the version sold in the United States will be the equivalent of a 75-watt reflector lamp. It will reportedly retail for about $20.
G.E. rates the lumen output of the 23-watt lamp at 1,100 lumens, compared with 940 lumens from the 75-watt incandescent reflector it replaces and 1,500 lumens from an electronic CFL 23-watt reflector. Thus, it is slightly less than 50 lumens per watt (Lm/W), much better than the 12.5 Lm/W of the incandescent reflector but less efficacious than the CFL's 65 Lm/W. G.E. will introduce Genura lamps in other wattages in 1995.
G.E.'s Genura is more compact than CFL reflector lamps and is actually smaller than the incandescent reflector lamp it replaces. The E-Lamp will also have size advantages over the CFL reflector lamp.
Interference?
The Genura lamp operates at 2.6 megahertz (Mhz), because Europe has standardized at this frequency for induction lighting. The lamp needs shielding for conducted and radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI) emissions. The reflector portion of the lamp provides enough shielding to meet FCC EMI requirements for 2.6 Mhz. However, residential FCC requirements are stricter and the Genura does not meet them. The company is now attempting to convince the FCC to permit use of the lamp for residences.
Intersource's E-lamp operates at 13.56 Mhz. This is within the Industrial/Scientific/Medical (ISM) band in which the FCC allows unlimited radio-frequency emissions. However, to meet the FCC's residential requirements, the lamp must be shielded to keep emissions in the 40-68 Mhz range (3rd through 5th harmonics of the operating frequency).
Since there is no filament to burn out or electrodes to fail, an induction lamp can be turned on and off without affecting lamp life. Product life is limited only by the lamp phosphor depreciation. G.E. states that the Genura lamp will still have 70% of its rated lumen output at 10,000 hours, and 50% at 20,000 hours. Intersource rates its lamp lifetime as 20,000 hours with 70% of rated lumen output. The color rendering index of the Genura is good at 82.
Both the E-lamp and the Genura have problems starting up at low temperatures, and neither is recommended for outdoor use. Neither can be used on dimming circuits either, but both G.E. and Intersource plan to introduce dimmable induction lamps in the future.
Intersource states that the E-lamp will have "high power factor and low total harmonic distortion." The power quality of the Genura lamp is similar to that of lower-end CFLs, and not as good as high-power-quality CFLs. The second generation of the lamp may be power- quality-corrected.
Is the compact induction lamp the revolutionary lighting product originally acclaimed by the press? The best induction lamps on the horizon will be less efficacious than CFL reflectors. Until G.E. can obtain FCC permission to open a residential frequency band in which the Genura can operate, people will be able to enjoy its benefits only at work or in other public places. The E-lamp can be used in the residential sector, but will not be available as a screw-in retrofit.
Size is the first advantage of these lamps, allowing them to fit in more incandescent sockets. Also, the beam spread or directional quality of the light, critical to the utility of a reflector lamp, is better than that of a CFL reflector. While it's not a point source (such as a spot light or an MR16 reflector), as a flood lamp its beam quality is more like that of an incandescent than of a linear CFL. The induction lamp certainly competes favorably with the incandescent reflector lamp on a life-cycle cost basis, and in many applications it has the design edge over the CFL reflector.
* E-lamp is a registered trademark of Intersource Technologies.
In an effort to build a better light bulb, three manufacturers are producing or developing electrode-less induction lamps. But, so far, these lamps have not made it into the residential market.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
by Barbara A. Atkinson
Barbara A. Atkinson is a principal research associate in Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory's Energy Analysis Program. She performs analysis on lighting policy and building energy efficiency for the United States, Canada, Europe, and Central America.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In April 1994, General Electric (G.E.) Lighting announced that "the world's first practical compact high-tech induction reflector lamp" would be on the market in Europe within weeks. The lamp was on display at the European Hannover Fair in April and at Light Fair in New York in early May. It will be sold in the United States by the fourth quarter of 1994, according to G.E. At first calling it an E-lamp,* G.E. now simply designates their new reflector lamp by its trade name of Genura.
Haven't we heard of this technology before? Home Energy's Sept/Oct '92 issue reported the announcement of major investment funding for Intersource Technologies' E-lamp, an electrode-less induction lamp. Because of its compact size and longer life, the E-lamp would aim to replace the compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) as the state-of-the-art efficient light bulb.
Going Commercial
The news for households is that market research has convinced Intersource that the high price (about as much as a CFL) is a major barrier for residential consumers, for now. The company believes acceptance of the technology in the commercial market will be required before a strong residential market will develop. Meanwhile, G.E.'s product is not approved for use in the U.S. residential sector at all. Philips' "QL" induction lamp is a high wattage light source used only in the commercial and industrial sectors.
Intersource has continued research on its E-lamp, aiming toward a 1,500 lumen, 20-some watt replacement for the 100-watt PAR reflector lamp. Its efficacy is estimated at 60 lumens per watt (measured with center beam lumens). The company is looking for a prospective industry partner to produce prototype products by the end of 1994. While the lamp is approved by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for use in the residential sector, Intersource has moved away from a screw-in lamp design. Instead they plan to package the lamp inside a luminaire through OEMs (original equipment manufacturers) for the commercial/industrial market. Intersource has no plans to design an A-line version in the near future.
In the meantime, other manufacturers' research efforts on induction lighting has started to bear fruit. Thorn Lighting in the United Kingdom had a development program for electrode-less induction lamps. U.S.-based G.E. Lighting acquired Thorn in 1991 and continued the induction lighting program. The birth of the Genura lamp culminated an international collaboration among engineers in the United States, England, and Hungary. The lamps are produced at G.E.'s Tungsram plant in Hungary.
The first Genura model, now on sale in Europe, is a 23-watt reflector lamp that replaces a 100-watt incandescent reflector lamp. Because of voltage differences, the version sold in the United States will be the equivalent of a 75-watt reflector lamp. It will reportedly retail for about $20.
G.E. rates the lumen output of the 23-watt lamp at 1,100 lumens, compared with 940 lumens from the 75-watt incandescent reflector it replaces and 1,500 lumens from an electronic CFL 23-watt reflector. Thus, it is slightly less than 50 lumens per watt (Lm/W), much better than the 12.5 Lm/W of the incandescent reflector but less efficacious than the CFL's 65 Lm/W. G.E. will introduce Genura lamps in other wattages in 1995.
G.E.'s Genura is more compact than CFL reflector lamps and is actually smaller than the incandescent reflector lamp it replaces. The E-Lamp will also have size advantages over the CFL reflector lamp.
Interference?
The Genura lamp operates at 2.6 megahertz (Mhz), because Europe has standardized at this frequency for induction lighting. The lamp needs shielding for conducted and radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI) emissions. The reflector portion of the lamp provides enough shielding to meet FCC EMI requirements for 2.6 Mhz. However, residential FCC requirements are stricter and the Genura does not meet them. The company is now attempting to convince the FCC to permit use of the lamp for residences.
Intersource's E-lamp operates at 13.56 Mhz. This is within the Industrial/Scientific/Medical (ISM) band in which the FCC allows unlimited radio-frequency emissions. However, to meet the FCC's residential requirements, the lamp must be shielded to keep emissions in the 40-68 Mhz range (3rd through 5th harmonics of the operating frequency).
Since there is no filament to burn out or electrodes to fail, an induction lamp can be turned on and off without affecting lamp life. Product life is limited only by the lamp phosphor depreciation. G.E. states that the Genura lamp will still have 70% of its rated lumen output at 10,000 hours, and 50% at 20,000 hours. Intersource rates its lamp lifetime as 20,000 hours with 70% of rated lumen output. The color rendering index of the Genura is good at 82.
Both the E-lamp and the Genura have problems starting up at low temperatures, and neither is recommended for outdoor use. Neither can be used on dimming circuits either, but both G.E. and Intersource plan to introduce dimmable induction lamps in the future.
Intersource states that the E-lamp will have "high power factor and low total harmonic distortion." The power quality of the Genura lamp is similar to that of lower-end CFLs, and not as good as high-power-quality CFLs. The second generation of the lamp may be power- quality-corrected.
Is the compact induction lamp the revolutionary lighting product originally acclaimed by the press? The best induction lamps on the horizon will be less efficacious than CFL reflectors. Until G.E. can obtain FCC permission to open a residential frequency band in which the Genura can operate, people will be able to enjoy its benefits only at work or in other public places. The E-lamp can be used in the residential sector, but will not be available as a screw-in retrofit.
Size is the first advantage of these lamps, allowing them to fit in more incandescent sockets. Also, the beam spread or directional quality of the light, critical to the utility of a reflector lamp, is better than that of a CFL reflector. While it's not a point source (such as a spot light or an MR16 reflector), as a flood lamp its beam quality is more like that of an incandescent than of a linear CFL. The induction lamp certainly competes favorably with the incandescent reflector lamp on a life-cycle cost basis, and in many applications it has the design edge over the CFL reflector.
* E-lamp is a registered trademark of Intersource Technologies.
Saturday, February 17, 2007
Induction lamps turn on
Sep 1, 2000 12:00 PM, William L. Maiman
The original post can be found here
Philips Lighting and Osram Sylvania have announced additions to their electrodeless induction lamp light sources. These lamps offer extremely long life (up to 100,000 hours) and their average lifespan is 12 years under continuous operation. Induction technology offers lighting designers significantly reduced maintenance costs, low energy consumption, and a very high CRI of 80 in 3500K and 4100K versions.
Philips Lighting has added a 165W induction lamp to its QL series of existing 55 and 85W systems. The entire QL series is available in 120, 220, and 240V versions. The QL induction lamp has been used recently at Singapore's Changi Airport and the Rotterdam World Trade Center.
Osram Sylvania now offers the Icetron induction lamp in a universal voltage configuration (120-277V) in both the 100W and the 150W versions; a 150W, 120-240V style is also available. Outside of North America, the Icetron is marketed under the name Endura.
Recently the 100W Icetron was installed in different areas in Battery Park in New York City. According to Pete Jacobson, lighting specialist for Con Edison in New York, phase one of this installation is complete and an unintended result is that designers can compare induction lighting to conventionally used light sources: The 100W induction lamp is installed near both 150W HPS and 175W metal-halides. "Battery Park uses the same fixture along the esplanade and as roadway lighting, so the different lamp types are easy to see."
Continued growth in the numbers of lighting fixtures being designed to accommodate electrodeless induction sources is indicative of expanding applications for this technology. Jacobson concludes, "These products are moving beyond the experimental phase and are now being specified in greater numbers. All that's needed is the proper application and the vision of the lighting designer or specifier to risk using the unconventional to achieve the promises of this superb light source."
The original post can be found here
Philips Lighting and Osram Sylvania have announced additions to their electrodeless induction lamp light sources. These lamps offer extremely long life (up to 100,000 hours) and their average lifespan is 12 years under continuous operation. Induction technology offers lighting designers significantly reduced maintenance costs, low energy consumption, and a very high CRI of 80 in 3500K and 4100K versions.
Philips Lighting has added a 165W induction lamp to its QL series of existing 55 and 85W systems. The entire QL series is available in 120, 220, and 240V versions. The QL induction lamp has been used recently at Singapore's Changi Airport and the Rotterdam World Trade Center.
Osram Sylvania now offers the Icetron induction lamp in a universal voltage configuration (120-277V) in both the 100W and the 150W versions; a 150W, 120-240V style is also available. Outside of North America, the Icetron is marketed under the name Endura.
Recently the 100W Icetron was installed in different areas in Battery Park in New York City. According to Pete Jacobson, lighting specialist for Con Edison in New York, phase one of this installation is complete and an unintended result is that designers can compare induction lighting to conventionally used light sources: The 100W induction lamp is installed near both 150W HPS and 175W metal-halides. "Battery Park uses the same fixture along the esplanade and as roadway lighting, so the different lamp types are easy to see."
Continued growth in the numbers of lighting fixtures being designed to accommodate electrodeless induction sources is indicative of expanding applications for this technology. Jacobson concludes, "These products are moving beyond the experimental phase and are now being specified in greater numbers. All that's needed is the proper application and the vision of the lighting designer or specifier to risk using the unconventional to achieve the promises of this superb light source."
Leading lamps: The lighting market embraces electrodeless technology
Mar 1, 2000 12:00 PM, William L. Maiman
The original post can be found here
"Look, no wires"--a familiar exclamation, one much in use by fans of induction lighting technology. Call it what you will (every manufacturer has a different name for it; designers know its chief product as the electrodeless lamp), its strongest features are a 100,000-hour life, low energy consumption, and a selection of very pleasing color temperatures.
The electrodeless lamp uses magnetic induction, instead of an electrode at each end of the fluorescent tube, to produce illumination. The absence of electrodes (or filaments/wires) is a significant factor behind the much longer lamp life. A conventional fluorescent lamp has an average life of 20,000 hours, with higher operating costs for its associated ballast.
The comparison to a fluorescent system is appropriate, since the operating theories of the induction system and fluorescent lighting are similar. The conventional fluorescent system, with its internal electrodes, utilizes the UV radiation generated by the internal discharge. The radiation is converted to visible light by the phosphor coating on the inner wall of the glass tube. Different phosphors provide for different color temperatures and corresponding CRIs.
Osram Sylvania's Icetron system incorporates an electrodeless fluorescent lamp that is excited by a radio frequency (RF) magnetic field. The two large ferromagnetic (metal) cores create a magnetic field around the glass tube, using the high frequency generated by the RF power converter (ballast). The discharge path, induced by the ferrite cores, forms a closed loop--it is this inductively coupled field that initiates, excites, and maintains the interaction between the electrons and the phosphor within the tube, converting the UV light to visible light. Under the leadership of Valery Godyak, the Osram Sylvania Icetron was developed as the firm's entrant into the induction technology field.
The Icetron lamp has an unusual shape, guided, says Bob Horner, marketing manager for fluorescent products at Osram Sylvania, "by physics, and the need to maximize the efficiency of the system." The choice of phosphors is directly related to the need to be consistent with conventionally used lamps, as well as to ensure the longevity of the 100,000-hour product and to decrease the amount of lumen fall-off that can occur over time. Its frequency is 250kHz, which is considered very safe, and meets the more stringent European standards besides all applicable Federal Communications Commission EMI (electromagnetic interference) regulations.
The Icetron is available in 3500K and 4100K color temperature versions, and in three model types: the 100/QT100 at 100W, with 8,000 lumens; a 100/QT150 at 150W, with 11,000 lumens, and the 150/QT150 at 150W, with 12,000 lumens. There are now over two dozen fixture manufacturers certified by Osram Sylvania to offer complete lighting systems based on Icetron technology (see chart, facing page), which outside North America is marketed as Endura.
Horner says the technology allows for installations in industrial environments; interior settings like atria and entryways; exterior applications such as landscape, under-canopy, and pole-mounted street lighting; and even backlit signage applications. With this technology, aesthetics aren't skimped on, either.
In an era of tighter budgets and more restrictive building codes, many LDs and specifiers are compelled to do more with less. Demanding clients want creative approaches and specialized lighting for their installations. For existing buildings, for example, the textbook approach has been to replace incandescents with compact fluorescents, then to replace inefficient linear fluorescents with metal-halide sources. The inductively coupled electrodeless lamp, with its choice of color temperatures and other features (see chart, page 85), allows for use in many venues that have been hard to light with conventionally equipped lighting fixtures.
Icetron's crisp white light, combined with its very long life, suit it for outdoor applications like parks and public plazas. New York City's Union Square Park, a turn-of-the-last-century park that was the first in the US to have electric light, was recently restored and renovated with assistance from Icetron. "The challenges for the new lighting in Union Square Park were to increase the quantity and quality of light, and reduce maintenance and energy consumption versus the existing high-pressure sodium (100W) system. The new technology achieved all these goals, and demonstrates that there should be no compromising design and maintenance issues for lighting application," says Peter Jacobson, lighting specialist for Con Edison in New York.
Sentry Electric developed the historically appropriate lighting fixtures that accommodate the 100W, 3500K, 8,000-lumen Icetron system. "Using this technology in a post-top fixture required a specially engineered reflector to be developed to allow for good light dispersion and to dissipate the heat associated with the Icetron. However, careful engineering has solved these challenges, and we have seen an increase in sales of Icetron-equipped systems," says Shepard Kay, Sentry Electric's vice president of engineering.
Sentry supplied 60 Union Square ball globe fixtures, which were installed atop poles cast from original 19th-century molds, and 121 Riverside fixtures (a tulip-contoured luminaire with a top decoration and finial), equipped with Icetrons. All units operate on 120VAC, a city standard. The system was formally switched on last spring, and was completely operational by fall. Public (and bureaucratic) reaction has been very favorable, and plans are to expand induction lighting technology in a retrofit of existing roadway fixtures along nearby 14th Street, and possibly bring it to New York's Madison Square and Battery parks. (Currently, Sentry Electric has installed six 100W 3500K Icetron systems for testing and evaluation purposes.) Osram Sylvania's parent company, Siemens, has produced a videotape outlining the Union Square application.
Research is underway to develop a 20,000-lumen system which could provide designers with a comparable light to replace 250W metal-halide lamps. Dimming capability is also being actively explored by Osram Sylvania. Based on the level of activity surrounding it, the Icetron would appear to have a hot future.
Another entrant into this technology, from Philips, is the QL Induction Lamp. Its features include a white light with high CRI values, a 100,000-hour life, and high energy-efficiency, all enclosed in a glass envelope in the familiar bulb shape, similar to an A-lamp.
Operation is similar to other induction-type products, and the QL has three major components--the high frequency ballast (generator), power coupler, and bulb. The ballast contains an oscillator that introduces a high-frequency current (2.65MHz) into the power coupler, located inside the bulb. The power coupler consists of an inductive coil wound around a ferrite core, and is the only metal object within the bulb. Consistent with the term "induction," filaments (electrodes) are not used, providing long life. Completing the system is a coaxial cable connecting the ballast to the power coupler.
Philips says the principle is similar to a transformer. The core-and-coil power coupler produces a magnetic field, which then induces a secondary electrical current in the mercury vapor in the bulb. Similar to fluorescent lamps, the excited mercury ions produce UV radiation that strikes the phosphor coating lining the bulb, and emits the visible white light.
Philips uses two different phosphor coatings (the same as those used in its TL80 T-8 series) that allow the QL to be offered in color temperatures of 3000K and 4000K. Three styles are available: the 55W QL, at 3,500 lumens; the 85W QL at 6,000 lumens; and the recently developed 165W system, capable of producing 12,000 lumens.
This range of lumen packages has been incorporated into outdoor post-top luminaires, downlights, bollards, and other fixtures. The versatility of the QL shape easily allows for incorporation into lighting retrofits, especially for clients with demanding design requirements. The Comfort Inn in midtown Manhattan has numerous fiberglass bowl-type fixtures suspended 20' (6m) above its cozy lobby. "The hotel management wanted to retain its beloved fixtures, and not replace them, and still achieve the benefits of conversion to QL. They were primarily interested in the long life characteristic, which would eliminate the frequent (almost every three months) cycle of lamp changing. We designed a replacement of the three-lamp (100W) incandescent electrical component with one 85W QL at the 3000K temperature," says Judi Nadel, president of Energy & Lighting Systems.
The lighting retrofit (conducted under the Shared Energy Savings Program, administered by Con Edison) retained the muted look of the fixtures and was consistent with their originally measured lumen output, while generating substantial energy savings for the hotel. Nadel says that while saving energy was the impetus behind the introduction of induction lamp technology, an equally important consideration was the time saved on changing the lamps, a process that inevitably discomfited the Comfort Inn with scaffolding, ladders, and floor protection.
The QL's versatility will further increase as more manufacturers release fixtures based on this technology. So far, the QL has also been used on exterior lighting projects within numerous historic districts throughout North America, lanterns in the Museum of the City of New York, downlights over escalators at JC Penney stores, and a test installation of QL-equipped "jelly jars" on the George Washington Bridge in New York City.
Long 100,000-hour life High lumen output Instant on (regardless of temperature) Cold-weather starting, as low as -40 degrees F Instant restrike Wide operating temperature range 80-85 CRI provides excellent color rendition Consistent color over system life Two color temperatures available High system efficacy Flicker-free illumination Electrodeless design Universal operating position Low EMI, compliance with applicable regulations
Compact Fluorescent Systems (CFS), Marlboro, NJ Cooper Lighting, Chicago, IL Esco Lighting, Chicago, IL 1st Source Lighting, Auburn, CA Hadco, Littlestown, PA H.E. Williams, Carthage, MO Hi-Tek, Conyers, GA Holophane, Newark, OH Incon Industries, Sanford, FL Infinity, Carthage, MO Intrepid, Ronkonkoma, NY Kim Lighting, City of Industry, CA Louis Poulsen, Miami, FL Nu-Art, North Salt Lake, UT Pacific Lighting and Standards, Lynwood, CA Paramount Industries, Crosswell, MI Phoenix Lighting, Milwaukee, WI Quality Lighting, Franklin Park, IL Robert Lighting & Energy, Fairfield, NJ SPI Lighting, Mequon, WI Sentry Lighting, Freeport, NY Spring City Electrical, Spring City, PA Sterner, Winstead, MN Tri-Star Lighting, Huntington Valley, PA Widelite Outdoor, San Marcos, TX Winona, Winona, MN Zumtobel, Highland, NY
General Electric Osram Sylvania Philips Lighting
The original post can be found here
"Look, no wires"--a familiar exclamation, one much in use by fans of induction lighting technology. Call it what you will (every manufacturer has a different name for it; designers know its chief product as the electrodeless lamp), its strongest features are a 100,000-hour life, low energy consumption, and a selection of very pleasing color temperatures.
The electrodeless lamp uses magnetic induction, instead of an electrode at each end of the fluorescent tube, to produce illumination. The absence of electrodes (or filaments/wires) is a significant factor behind the much longer lamp life. A conventional fluorescent lamp has an average life of 20,000 hours, with higher operating costs for its associated ballast.
The comparison to a fluorescent system is appropriate, since the operating theories of the induction system and fluorescent lighting are similar. The conventional fluorescent system, with its internal electrodes, utilizes the UV radiation generated by the internal discharge. The radiation is converted to visible light by the phosphor coating on the inner wall of the glass tube. Different phosphors provide for different color temperatures and corresponding CRIs.
Osram Sylvania's Icetron system incorporates an electrodeless fluorescent lamp that is excited by a radio frequency (RF) magnetic field. The two large ferromagnetic (metal) cores create a magnetic field around the glass tube, using the high frequency generated by the RF power converter (ballast). The discharge path, induced by the ferrite cores, forms a closed loop--it is this inductively coupled field that initiates, excites, and maintains the interaction between the electrons and the phosphor within the tube, converting the UV light to visible light. Under the leadership of Valery Godyak, the Osram Sylvania Icetron was developed as the firm's entrant into the induction technology field.
The Icetron lamp has an unusual shape, guided, says Bob Horner, marketing manager for fluorescent products at Osram Sylvania, "by physics, and the need to maximize the efficiency of the system." The choice of phosphors is directly related to the need to be consistent with conventionally used lamps, as well as to ensure the longevity of the 100,000-hour product and to decrease the amount of lumen fall-off that can occur over time. Its frequency is 250kHz, which is considered very safe, and meets the more stringent European standards besides all applicable Federal Communications Commission EMI (electromagnetic interference) regulations.
The Icetron is available in 3500K and 4100K color temperature versions, and in three model types: the 100/QT100 at 100W, with 8,000 lumens; a 100/QT150 at 150W, with 11,000 lumens, and the 150/QT150 at 150W, with 12,000 lumens. There are now over two dozen fixture manufacturers certified by Osram Sylvania to offer complete lighting systems based on Icetron technology (see chart, facing page), which outside North America is marketed as Endura.
Horner says the technology allows for installations in industrial environments; interior settings like atria and entryways; exterior applications such as landscape, under-canopy, and pole-mounted street lighting; and even backlit signage applications. With this technology, aesthetics aren't skimped on, either.
In an era of tighter budgets and more restrictive building codes, many LDs and specifiers are compelled to do more with less. Demanding clients want creative approaches and specialized lighting for their installations. For existing buildings, for example, the textbook approach has been to replace incandescents with compact fluorescents, then to replace inefficient linear fluorescents with metal-halide sources. The inductively coupled electrodeless lamp, with its choice of color temperatures and other features (see chart, page 85), allows for use in many venues that have been hard to light with conventionally equipped lighting fixtures.
Icetron's crisp white light, combined with its very long life, suit it for outdoor applications like parks and public plazas. New York City's Union Square Park, a turn-of-the-last-century park that was the first in the US to have electric light, was recently restored and renovated with assistance from Icetron. "The challenges for the new lighting in Union Square Park were to increase the quantity and quality of light, and reduce maintenance and energy consumption versus the existing high-pressure sodium (100W) system. The new technology achieved all these goals, and demonstrates that there should be no compromising design and maintenance issues for lighting application," says Peter Jacobson, lighting specialist for Con Edison in New York.
Sentry Electric developed the historically appropriate lighting fixtures that accommodate the 100W, 3500K, 8,000-lumen Icetron system. "Using this technology in a post-top fixture required a specially engineered reflector to be developed to allow for good light dispersion and to dissipate the heat associated with the Icetron. However, careful engineering has solved these challenges, and we have seen an increase in sales of Icetron-equipped systems," says Shepard Kay, Sentry Electric's vice president of engineering.
Sentry supplied 60 Union Square ball globe fixtures, which were installed atop poles cast from original 19th-century molds, and 121 Riverside fixtures (a tulip-contoured luminaire with a top decoration and finial), equipped with Icetrons. All units operate on 120VAC, a city standard. The system was formally switched on last spring, and was completely operational by fall. Public (and bureaucratic) reaction has been very favorable, and plans are to expand induction lighting technology in a retrofit of existing roadway fixtures along nearby 14th Street, and possibly bring it to New York's Madison Square and Battery parks. (Currently, Sentry Electric has installed six 100W 3500K Icetron systems for testing and evaluation purposes.) Osram Sylvania's parent company, Siemens, has produced a videotape outlining the Union Square application.
Research is underway to develop a 20,000-lumen system which could provide designers with a comparable light to replace 250W metal-halide lamps. Dimming capability is also being actively explored by Osram Sylvania. Based on the level of activity surrounding it, the Icetron would appear to have a hot future.
Another entrant into this technology, from Philips, is the QL Induction Lamp. Its features include a white light with high CRI values, a 100,000-hour life, and high energy-efficiency, all enclosed in a glass envelope in the familiar bulb shape, similar to an A-lamp.
Operation is similar to other induction-type products, and the QL has three major components--the high frequency ballast (generator), power coupler, and bulb. The ballast contains an oscillator that introduces a high-frequency current (2.65MHz) into the power coupler, located inside the bulb. The power coupler consists of an inductive coil wound around a ferrite core, and is the only metal object within the bulb. Consistent with the term "induction," filaments (electrodes) are not used, providing long life. Completing the system is a coaxial cable connecting the ballast to the power coupler.
Philips says the principle is similar to a transformer. The core-and-coil power coupler produces a magnetic field, which then induces a secondary electrical current in the mercury vapor in the bulb. Similar to fluorescent lamps, the excited mercury ions produce UV radiation that strikes the phosphor coating lining the bulb, and emits the visible white light.
Philips uses two different phosphor coatings (the same as those used in its TL80 T-8 series) that allow the QL to be offered in color temperatures of 3000K and 4000K. Three styles are available: the 55W QL, at 3,500 lumens; the 85W QL at 6,000 lumens; and the recently developed 165W system, capable of producing 12,000 lumens.
This range of lumen packages has been incorporated into outdoor post-top luminaires, downlights, bollards, and other fixtures. The versatility of the QL shape easily allows for incorporation into lighting retrofits, especially for clients with demanding design requirements. The Comfort Inn in midtown Manhattan has numerous fiberglass bowl-type fixtures suspended 20' (6m) above its cozy lobby. "The hotel management wanted to retain its beloved fixtures, and not replace them, and still achieve the benefits of conversion to QL. They were primarily interested in the long life characteristic, which would eliminate the frequent (almost every three months) cycle of lamp changing. We designed a replacement of the three-lamp (100W) incandescent electrical component with one 85W QL at the 3000K temperature," says Judi Nadel, president of Energy & Lighting Systems.
The lighting retrofit (conducted under the Shared Energy Savings Program, administered by Con Edison) retained the muted look of the fixtures and was consistent with their originally measured lumen output, while generating substantial energy savings for the hotel. Nadel says that while saving energy was the impetus behind the introduction of induction lamp technology, an equally important consideration was the time saved on changing the lamps, a process that inevitably discomfited the Comfort Inn with scaffolding, ladders, and floor protection.
The QL's versatility will further increase as more manufacturers release fixtures based on this technology. So far, the QL has also been used on exterior lighting projects within numerous historic districts throughout North America, lanterns in the Museum of the City of New York, downlights over escalators at JC Penney stores, and a test installation of QL-equipped "jelly jars" on the George Washington Bridge in New York City.
Long 100,000-hour life High lumen output Instant on (regardless of temperature) Cold-weather starting, as low as -40 degrees F Instant restrike Wide operating temperature range 80-85 CRI provides excellent color rendition Consistent color over system life Two color temperatures available High system efficacy Flicker-free illumination Electrodeless design Universal operating position Low EMI, compliance with applicable regulations
Compact Fluorescent Systems (CFS), Marlboro, NJ Cooper Lighting, Chicago, IL Esco Lighting, Chicago, IL 1st Source Lighting, Auburn, CA Hadco, Littlestown, PA H.E. Williams, Carthage, MO Hi-Tek, Conyers, GA Holophane, Newark, OH Incon Industries, Sanford, FL Infinity, Carthage, MO Intrepid, Ronkonkoma, NY Kim Lighting, City of Industry, CA Louis Poulsen, Miami, FL Nu-Art, North Salt Lake, UT Pacific Lighting and Standards, Lynwood, CA Paramount Industries, Crosswell, MI Phoenix Lighting, Milwaukee, WI Quality Lighting, Franklin Park, IL Robert Lighting & Energy, Fairfield, NJ SPI Lighting, Mequon, WI Sentry Lighting, Freeport, NY Spring City Electrical, Spring City, PA Sterner, Winstead, MN Tri-Star Lighting, Huntington Valley, PA Widelite Outdoor, San Marcos, TX Winona, Winona, MN Zumtobel, Highland, NY
General Electric Osram Sylvania Philips Lighting
Monday, December 04, 2006
Section: Light
A10 - new European architecture Magazine, has a section on lighting in the November/December 2006 issue. Parts of the original article can be found here:
Light
Although not tangible, light is perhaps the most important ‘material’ that architects have at their disposal. Light is complementary to every aspect of a design; at the most basic level it makes colours, textures, spaces and forms visible, but the particular quality of the light can also subtly transform any one of these. And, of course, the presence of light is a precondition for inhabiting a building. Light brings materials to life, it can even endow a building with a ‘soul’.
Thursday, November 30, 2006
In Oregon, also another installation of Induction Lights
The original PDF document can be found here.
Induction lighting
The parking garage is being constructedunder two and a half blocks and will have room for 1,500 cars. Garage lights will be on 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year.
The garage will use induction lights,which last 100,000 hours and provide an impressive 71 lumens per watt. (Lumens area measure of the amount of light.) Standard metal halide lights are rated at only 10,000hours and 51 lumens per watt.
"This means the induction lights needonly 40 percent of the energy,” said Karasaki. "Maintenance costs are also much less because they last 10 times longer. And, the system as designed costs less to begin with."
This will be the first major garage installation of induction lighting on the West Coast.
"Lower energy use and increased occupant comfort is a great combination," said Karasaki.
Induction lighting
The parking garage is being constructedunder two and a half blocks and will have room for 1,500 cars. Garage lights will be on 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year.
The garage will use induction lights,which last 100,000 hours and provide an impressive 71 lumens per watt. (Lumens area measure of the amount of light.) Standard metal halide lights are rated at only 10,000hours and 51 lumens per watt.
"This means the induction lights needonly 40 percent of the energy,” said Karasaki. "Maintenance costs are also much less because they last 10 times longer. And, the system as designed costs less to begin with."
This will be the first major garage installation of induction lighting on the West Coast.
"Lower energy use and increased occupant comfort is a great combination," said Karasaki.
Lighting for Parking Garages
The original post can be found here:
Parking garages are often considered dim, dirty and dangerous places that are concrete blights on our urban landscapes. Fortunately, this image is rapidly changing as parking garages become more upscale. Architects, owners and designers are beginning to realize that a better-looking garage with quality lighting will not only improve the environment, but will attract more customers.
The Visual Environment
Many factors will affect the visual environment within a parking garage, including vertical illumination, the light source and glare. Facility designers must achieve a balance between these factors to create a comfortable environment that attracts customers and makes them feel safe and secure.
The first question designers often face is how much light is needed within the facility. The Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) offers specific recommendations, as shown in Table 1. The values suggested represent the lowest levels that should be used within a parking structure.
Today, many designers and owners have increased these levels to achieve better uniformity ratios and provide a safer visual environment. Many facilities are designed to 5 footcandles (horizontal and vertical) with uniformity ratios near 5:1. To assure that the garage meets your expectations as far as the lighting is concerned, you may want to survey other facilities in your area before establishing the lighting guidelines.
Parking garages are often considered dim, dirty and dangerous places that are concrete blights on our urban landscapes. Fortunately, this image is rapidly changing as parking garages become more upscale. Architects, owners and designers are beginning to realize that a better-looking garage with quality lighting will not only improve the environment, but will attract more customers.
The Visual Environment
Many factors will affect the visual environment within a parking garage, including vertical illumination, the light source and glare. Facility designers must achieve a balance between these factors to create a comfortable environment that attracts customers and makes them feel safe and secure.
The first question designers often face is how much light is needed within the facility. The Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) offers specific recommendations, as shown in Table 1. The values suggested represent the lowest levels that should be used within a parking structure.
Today, many designers and owners have increased these levels to achieve better uniformity ratios and provide a safer visual environment. Many facilities are designed to 5 footcandles (horizontal and vertical) with uniformity ratios near 5:1. To assure that the garage meets your expectations as far as the lighting is concerned, you may want to survey other facilities in your area before establishing the lighting guidelines.
Rebuilding Hawaii - Induction Lighting Systems in Parking Garages
The original PDF document can be found here.
The introduction of new energy efficient products at Rebuild Hawaii meetings is a great way to discover an application that may meet your needs. An example of this resulted after James Thomas, Stingray Lighting, presented a new lighting system called the “Stingray Dual Reflector Induction Garage Light.” This fixture also incorporates Philips Lighting’s QL induction lamp that uses a revolutionary technology of light generation that combines the basic principals of induction and gas discharge in an A-lamp design. This new technology delivers an unprecedented 100,000 hours of high quality white light.
After this presentation, Mr. Bob Martin, Chief Engineer of 1132 Bishop Street Building, which is managed by Colliers Monroe Friedlander Management Inc., knew of the perfect application for the product. The high energy consuming light system in the building’s parking garage.
The Stingray Dual Reflector System is currently installed in two of the five floors in the parking structure and retrofitting of the remaining floors will be completed in the future. This new technology is the first of its kind in Hawaii. The garage lighting is noticeably brighter due to the white light verses yellow light (HPS).
In addition the 1132 parking garage will save approximately 50% of its former energy costs not to mention the maintenance savings generated due to the long life of the Philips Induction System. Hawaiian Electric has authorized a rebate of approximately $68.00 per fixture under its customized rebate program for this product.
You can find their presentation and photos of the installation site here.
The introduction of new energy efficient products at Rebuild Hawaii meetings is a great way to discover an application that may meet your needs. An example of this resulted after James Thomas, Stingray Lighting, presented a new lighting system called the “Stingray Dual Reflector Induction Garage Light.” This fixture also incorporates Philips Lighting’s QL induction lamp that uses a revolutionary technology of light generation that combines the basic principals of induction and gas discharge in an A-lamp design. This new technology delivers an unprecedented 100,000 hours of high quality white light.
After this presentation, Mr. Bob Martin, Chief Engineer of 1132 Bishop Street Building, which is managed by Colliers Monroe Friedlander Management Inc., knew of the perfect application for the product. The high energy consuming light system in the building’s parking garage.
The Stingray Dual Reflector System is currently installed in two of the five floors in the parking structure and retrofitting of the remaining floors will be completed in the future. This new technology is the first of its kind in Hawaii. The garage lighting is noticeably brighter due to the white light verses yellow light (HPS).
In addition the 1132 parking garage will save approximately 50% of its former energy costs not to mention the maintenance savings generated due to the long life of the Philips Induction System. Hawaiian Electric has authorized a rebate of approximately $68.00 per fixture under its customized rebate program for this product.
You can find their presentation and photos of the installation site here.
Changing lamp at the building's exterior
A crew of two was lowered from the edge of the building's roof platform to change the metal halide bulbs. This is a high profile residential tower in Hong Kong that just completed a month ago (Fall 2006) and a bulb change was already required.
Changing Lamp at Hotel Lobby
A crew of 5 was required to setup the mechanical lift to change a burnt bulb about 40 feet (12 meters) above. The whole process, not including asking customers to leave the sitting area and clearing the sofas, took approximately 28 minutes. You will see just the first half of the job. All this to change a USD$5 bulb.
Wednesday, November 29, 2006
SMUD Lighting Summaries
From the Sacramento Municipal Utility District are summaries on lighting systems. Here's is one on induction lighting.
Induction Lighting Systems
Almost every type of lighting system has a common weakness - the lamp filament. Most lamp failures are due to degradation of the filament or electrodes. About ten years ago, lighting manufacturers introduced a product that did not require electrodes: the induction lighting system. According to manufacturers, some of these lamps will last over 100,000 hours - over 25 years for most users! Today SMUD customers are finding new energy saving applications for this technology.
This evaluation report focuses on induction lighting systems and attempts to address the following questions: How do these systems work? Are they cost effective? What are some of the applications and challenges associated with using this technology?
Induction Lighting from EEI
The Edison Electric Institute writes about Energy Efficient Tips for Street and Area Lighting. The original post can be found here:
Induction (Electrodeless) lighting
With induction lighting, there are no filaments or electrodes. These systems consist of high frequency ballast/generator, a lamp (or discharge vessel), and a power coupler. The systems range in wattage from 23 Watts to 165 Watts, with efficacies of 48 to 73 lumens per Watt.
Along with their high lighting efficacies, they have high power factors (above 0.94), good color rendering indexes (82-85), resistance to vibration, quick ignition and re-ignition times (under 1 second), and a rated life with U.S. test procedures of 100,000 hours, as compared with 24,000 hours for many fluorescent and high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps.
Some sample Web sites for products are shown below.
Information on the Philips QL lamp system (click on eCatalogue and QL Induction Lighting)
GE Genura (TM) lamp information
Osram-Sylvania ICETRONTM information
Lighting Research Center case study application in New York City (Web site requires Adobe Acrobat to view)
LED lighting
Light Emitting Diode (LED) systems are being used in traffic lights and information signs in the United States. Many exit signs in buildings have LED lighting systems that provide the illumination of the "EXIT" letters. They are much more energy efficient and have longer lives than incandescent lamps.
Other applications include walk/don't walk fixtures, display lighting, and facade lighting. Designers are now starting to use white LED lighting for indoor and general illumination activities.
Some sample Web sites for products are shown below.
Precision Solar Control LED traffic lighting
LED Light company indoor lamps and fixtures
Department of Energy web site on solid state lighting
Induction (Electrodeless) lighting
With induction lighting, there are no filaments or electrodes. These systems consist of high frequency ballast/generator, a lamp (or discharge vessel), and a power coupler. The systems range in wattage from 23 Watts to 165 Watts, with efficacies of 48 to 73 lumens per Watt.
Along with their high lighting efficacies, they have high power factors (above 0.94), good color rendering indexes (82-85), resistance to vibration, quick ignition and re-ignition times (under 1 second), and a rated life with U.S. test procedures of 100,000 hours, as compared with 24,000 hours for many fluorescent and high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps.
Some sample Web sites for products are shown below.
Information on the Philips QL lamp system (click on eCatalogue and QL Induction Lighting)
GE Genura (TM) lamp information
Osram-Sylvania ICETRONTM information
Lighting Research Center case study application in New York City (Web site requires Adobe Acrobat to view)
LED lighting
Light Emitting Diode (LED) systems are being used in traffic lights and information signs in the United States. Many exit signs in buildings have LED lighting systems that provide the illumination of the "EXIT" letters. They are much more energy efficient and have longer lives than incandescent lamps.
Other applications include walk/don't walk fixtures, display lighting, and facade lighting. Designers are now starting to use white LED lighting for indoor and general illumination activities.
Some sample Web sites for products are shown below.
Precision Solar Control LED traffic lighting
LED Light company indoor lamps and fixtures
Department of Energy web site on solid state lighting
Induction Lamps Installations at Kowloon Bay
The original PDF document can be found here:
Ir. Martin WU Kwok-tin
Energy Efficiency Office, Electrical & Mechanical Services Department
September 2003
Executive Summary
As part of the Pilot Energy Management Opportunity (EMO) Implementation Programme using innovative energy efficient equipment, Energy Efficiency Office (EEO) of Electrical and Mechanical Services Department (EMSD) has completed a pilot project in March 2003 using the latest induction lighting technology in Squash Court No. 2 at Kowloon Bay Indoor Games Hall. The work covered the supply and installation of four new high-bay luminaries, completed with 2 nos. 150W induction lamps and electronic ballasts, to replace the existing six 250W metal halide high-bay luminaries in the squash court. The new induction lamps are actually fluorescent lamps without any electrodes for electrons emission. Because of the electrodeless property, induction lamps have extreme long life and the lifetime of the system is determined primarily by the lifetime of the ballast (i.e. 60,000 hours). Preliminary test results indicated that the power consumption of the squash court reduced from 1.65 kW to 1.25 kW and the average illumination increased from 470 lux to 710 lux. Other advantages of the new induction lighting system include instant flicker-free starting and restrict, higher colour rendering index (>80), lower luminous depreciation and less maintenance requirements due to a much longer lamp and equipment life. The estimated payback period lies within 5 to 8 years.
Ir. Martin WU Kwok-tin
Energy Efficiency Office, Electrical & Mechanical Services Department
September 2003
Executive Summary
As part of the Pilot Energy Management Opportunity (EMO) Implementation Programme using innovative energy efficient equipment, Energy Efficiency Office (EEO) of Electrical and Mechanical Services Department (EMSD) has completed a pilot project in March 2003 using the latest induction lighting technology in Squash Court No. 2 at Kowloon Bay Indoor Games Hall. The work covered the supply and installation of four new high-bay luminaries, completed with 2 nos. 150W induction lamps and electronic ballasts, to replace the existing six 250W metal halide high-bay luminaries in the squash court. The new induction lamps are actually fluorescent lamps without any electrodes for electrons emission. Because of the electrodeless property, induction lamps have extreme long life and the lifetime of the system is determined primarily by the lifetime of the ballast (i.e. 60,000 hours). Preliminary test results indicated that the power consumption of the squash court reduced from 1.65 kW to 1.25 kW and the average illumination increased from 470 lux to 710 lux. Other advantages of the new induction lighting system include instant flicker-free starting and restrict, higher colour rendering index (>80), lower luminous depreciation and less maintenance requirements due to a much longer lamp and equipment life. The estimated payback period lies within 5 to 8 years.
Engineering Web Results: A collection of articles
Engineering Web Results for induction lamp 1 - 10 of 423,386
Renewed Interest in Induction Lamp Technology By: David C. Lai and James C. Lai... Principle of Induction Lighting. advantage of the technology.. Induction lighting is based on the well-known principles of. 3. Both induction lamp suppliers and fixture. induction and light generation ... http://www.imsasafety.org/journal/septoct04/7.pdf
Induction Lamp Considerations Induction Lamp Considerations. Induction Lamps for Outdoor Lighting: What You Should Know About This Technology. New "electrodeless" induction lamps can last up to 20 years before burning out. That?s ... http://www.pseg.com/customer/business/small/outdoorlighting/induction.jsp
INDUCTION LAMP TECHNOLOGY PROVIDES MORE THAN 27 YEARS LIFE EXPECTANCY TO HIGHWAY... ... lamp technology as well.. Induction lamps use an induction coil or energy-coupling antenna without. electrodes, that discharge gas at low-pressure. The center of the lamp is the induction coil powered ... http://www.itsinternational.com/pressreleases/article.cfm?recordID=24
Frequently asked questions about... Induction Lighting Q: What is the induction ... Induction Lighting. Q:. What is the induction lamp system and how does induction lighting work?. Q:. Is the induction lamp dimmable?. A:. The induction lamp system uses a revolutionary technology of ... http://www.eclipselightinginc.com/pdf/Induction_FAQ.pdf
Esco Lighting Inc. Induction Lamp Lighting Systems Surface Mount Square Fixtures Recessed Square Fixtures Surface Mount Round Fixtures Recessed Round Downlights Floodlights and Outdoor Area Lighting Municipality Series Induction Lamp Fixtures ... http://www.escolighting.com/
Quixote Traffic Corporation - Induction Lamp Technology The center of the lamp is the induction coil powered by an electronic unit at the base of the lamp. The glass assembly surrounding the induction coil contains an electron-ion plasma material and is ... http://www.peek-traffic.com/products/signage/induction_lamp_technology.htm
Municipality R000 Series Architectural Recessed Downlight With 2x2 Lay-In ... R000 SERIES LOW BRIGHTNESS OPEN DOWNLIGHT volt, 50 or 60 Hz. Contact factory for other voltages. Lamp Philips QL induction electrodeless fluorescent lamp with av-. erage rated life 100,000 hours. Trim ... http://www.escolighting.com/PDFfiles/tabr000ql.PDF [More results from this site: www.escolighting.com]
VMVIG and DMVIG Series CHAMP ?Induction L u m i n a i r e s w i t h I n d u c t ... CHAMP ?Induction. Applications Include:. Get uninterrupted light for up to 11 years, without changing a lamp. Cooper Crouse-Hinds? Champ Luminaire. with Induction Light Source delivers up. to 100,000 ... http://www.crouse-hinds.com/CrouseHinds/newproducts/relatedinfo/Champ_Induction_Broch
if 1463 revision 3.qxp Refer to the. follow.. instructions supplied with the replacement induction lamp system.. 11.. Turn power on.. 4.. Install the lamp over the power coupler (See Induction Lighting. System instruction ... http://www.crouse-hinds.com/CrouseHinds/InstallationDocs/IF1463.pdf [More results from this site: www.crouse-hinds.com]
Road Traffic Technology - Induction Lamp Technology Provides More Than 27 Years... ... lamp technology as well.. Induction lamps use an induction coil or energy-coupling antenna without electrodes, that discharge gas at low-pressure. The center of the lamp is the induction coil powered ... http://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/contractors/driver_info/quixote_traffic/press4.html
H. E. WIlliams, Infinity induction lighting
H. E. Williams, Inc., perhaps the largest user/distributor of induction lamp in North America, has what is considered the most extensive offering of induction lighting systems. The payback calculator is also of interest to many engineers and municipalities.
http://www.hew.com/
http://www.hew.com/
INFORM (Strategies for a better environment)
INFORM (Strategies for a better environment) has a great article on High Bay Lighting systems. The original post can be found here:
What are the benefits of high-output T5s and induction fluorescents?
Switching from HID lamps to HO T5 fluorescent lamps is now a common strategy for increasing energy efficiency in warehouses and other high-bay lighting situations. Both HO T5s and induction fluorescents:
Are capable of instant-on and instant re-strike.
Can be used with energy-saving occupancy sensors
Can be adjusted through dimming (with a dimmable ballast).
Have lower average mercury content than metal halide HID lamps.
Do high-output T5 and induction fluorescents perform as well as metal halide HID lamps in high-bay applications?
Yes. Several attributes are used to compare lamp performance:
Rated life is the average amount of time a lamp will function before failing.
The color rendering index (CRI) indicates how accurately a light source renders colors. A CRI of 100 is equivalent to sunlight. Lower CRIs indicate poorer color rendering.
A lumen is a measure of light flow. The higher the lumens, the more light is produced by the lamps in the fixture.
The lumen maintenance is a function of the rated life, showing the percentage of original lumens present after a certain percentage of the rated life has passed. Lumens decrease over the life of most lamps, so a lamp that maintains its lumen output for a longer period is more desirable.
The color temperature describes the appearance of the light in terms of the red and blue tones. Light that we perceive as redder or warmer has a lower color temperature, light that we perceive as bluer has a higher color temperature. While the color temperature of fluorescent and induction fluorescent lamps is stable over the life of the lamp, metal halide lamps tend to shift color over their lifetime.
Are both high-output T5 linear fluorescent and induction fluorescent lamps appropriate for all high-bay applications?
No. Fluorescent induction systems are the best choice for very cold conditions because they retain their efficiency at extremes of temperature. Because of their exceedingly long life, they also make sense in applications where it is difficult or costly to change a spent lamp. T5s, however, are more energy-efficient at moderate temperatures (25°C to 35°C) than induction lamps, so for locations that do not experience temperature extremes and where labor costs to change a spent lamp are not significant, HO T5s may be preferable.
Which high-bay lighting systems are more energy-efficient?
When calculating energy efficiency, it is important to consider the number of lamps contained in equivalent systems, as well as the number of watts per lamp. For instance, in the example in the table below, four HO T5 lamps or two induction fluorescent lamps are required to produce approximately the same amount of light as one metal halide HID lamp. The higher the lumens per watt, the less electricity is needed to produce equivalent light. The fewer the kilowatt-hours per year used by a lighting system, the less electricity a facility uses and pays for.
Which lamps are less expensive to purchase and run?
Comparative purchase prices can vary widely depending on volume purchased and location. Based on a small survey, metal halide systems are less expensive to purchase than either of the fluorescent systems, costing approximately 25 percent less ($150) than an equivalent four-lamp T5 system ($200). An equivalent two-lamp induction system costs about four times an equivalent T5 system ($800). 6
"Payback time" is the period that elapses before an initial investment is recouped, in this case through savings in electricity, lamp replacement, and maintenance/disposal costs. Payback time varies based on the size of the lighting project, the electricity rate, the particular fixtures selected, and other variables. The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power has a payback calculator at http://www.ladwp.com/energyadvisor/PA_46.html where you can input your variables.
A variety of case studies have reported payback times of 1.8 to 29.9 years for HO T5 high-bay replacement projects. 7 One case study reported a five- to eight-year payback period for an induction fluorescent high-bay relighting project. 8
Recommendations
Facility owners, managers, and architects specifying high-bay lighting applications should choose the most energy-efficient system with the lowest mercury content appropriate for their construction and remodeling projects.
Retrofit projects should be analyzed carefully for payback and benefits such as improved color rendering.
Before purchasing a lighting system, buyers should consult a lighting professional who can analyze the entire project for energy efficiency, lighting level, and appropriate color rendering. Tell your chosen professional that your organization would like to specify low-mercury alternatives wherever possible.
Facilities should recycle all mercury-containing products, including all HID lamps, T5s, and induction fluorescents.
For more information:
For more information:
T5 Fluorescent High-Bay Lighting Systems -- http://www.smud.org/education/cat/cat_pdf/T5.pdf
Induction Lighting Systems -- http://www.smud.org/education/cat/cat_pdf/Induction%20Lighting.pdf
Induction Lamps Installations at Kowloon Bay Indoor Games Hall -- http://www.emsd.gov.hk/emsd/e_download/pee/Induction%20lamps%20at%20kbigh.pdf
Lighting: HID Versus Fluorescent for High-Bay Lighting -- http://www.ladwp.com/energyadvisor/PA_46.html
What are the benefits of high-output T5s and induction fluorescents?
Switching from HID lamps to HO T5 fluorescent lamps is now a common strategy for increasing energy efficiency in warehouses and other high-bay lighting situations. Both HO T5s and induction fluorescents:
Are capable of instant-on and instant re-strike.
Can be used with energy-saving occupancy sensors
Can be adjusted through dimming (with a dimmable ballast).
Have lower average mercury content than metal halide HID lamps.
Do high-output T5 and induction fluorescents perform as well as metal halide HID lamps in high-bay applications?
Yes. Several attributes are used to compare lamp performance:
Rated life is the average amount of time a lamp will function before failing.
The color rendering index (CRI) indicates how accurately a light source renders colors. A CRI of 100 is equivalent to sunlight. Lower CRIs indicate poorer color rendering.
A lumen is a measure of light flow. The higher the lumens, the more light is produced by the lamps in the fixture.
The lumen maintenance is a function of the rated life, showing the percentage of original lumens present after a certain percentage of the rated life has passed. Lumens decrease over the life of most lamps, so a lamp that maintains its lumen output for a longer period is more desirable.
The color temperature describes the appearance of the light in terms of the red and blue tones. Light that we perceive as redder or warmer has a lower color temperature, light that we perceive as bluer has a higher color temperature. While the color temperature of fluorescent and induction fluorescent lamps is stable over the life of the lamp, metal halide lamps tend to shift color over their lifetime.
Are both high-output T5 linear fluorescent and induction fluorescent lamps appropriate for all high-bay applications?
No. Fluorescent induction systems are the best choice for very cold conditions because they retain their efficiency at extremes of temperature. Because of their exceedingly long life, they also make sense in applications where it is difficult or costly to change a spent lamp. T5s, however, are more energy-efficient at moderate temperatures (25°C to 35°C) than induction lamps, so for locations that do not experience temperature extremes and where labor costs to change a spent lamp are not significant, HO T5s may be preferable.
Which high-bay lighting systems are more energy-efficient?
When calculating energy efficiency, it is important to consider the number of lamps contained in equivalent systems, as well as the number of watts per lamp. For instance, in the example in the table below, four HO T5 lamps or two induction fluorescent lamps are required to produce approximately the same amount of light as one metal halide HID lamp. The higher the lumens per watt, the less electricity is needed to produce equivalent light. The fewer the kilowatt-hours per year used by a lighting system, the less electricity a facility uses and pays for.
Which lamps are less expensive to purchase and run?
Comparative purchase prices can vary widely depending on volume purchased and location. Based on a small survey, metal halide systems are less expensive to purchase than either of the fluorescent systems, costing approximately 25 percent less ($150) than an equivalent four-lamp T5 system ($200). An equivalent two-lamp induction system costs about four times an equivalent T5 system ($800). 6
"Payback time" is the period that elapses before an initial investment is recouped, in this case through savings in electricity, lamp replacement, and maintenance/disposal costs. Payback time varies based on the size of the lighting project, the electricity rate, the particular fixtures selected, and other variables. The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power has a payback calculator at http://www.ladwp.com/energyadvisor/PA_46.html where you can input your variables.
A variety of case studies have reported payback times of 1.8 to 29.9 years for HO T5 high-bay replacement projects. 7 One case study reported a five- to eight-year payback period for an induction fluorescent high-bay relighting project. 8
Recommendations
Facility owners, managers, and architects specifying high-bay lighting applications should choose the most energy-efficient system with the lowest mercury content appropriate for their construction and remodeling projects.
Retrofit projects should be analyzed carefully for payback and benefits such as improved color rendering.
Before purchasing a lighting system, buyers should consult a lighting professional who can analyze the entire project for energy efficiency, lighting level, and appropriate color rendering. Tell your chosen professional that your organization would like to specify low-mercury alternatives wherever possible.
Facilities should recycle all mercury-containing products, including all HID lamps, T5s, and induction fluorescents.
For more information:
For more information:
T5 Fluorescent High-Bay Lighting Systems -- http://www.smud.org/education/cat/cat_pdf/T5.pdf
Induction Lighting Systems -- http://www.smud.org/education/cat/cat_pdf/Induction%20Lighting.pdf
Induction Lamps Installations at Kowloon Bay Indoor Games Hall -- http://www.emsd.gov.hk/emsd/e_download/pee/Induction%20lamps%20at%20kbigh.pdf
Lighting: HID Versus Fluorescent for High-Bay Lighting -- http://www.ladwp.com/energyadvisor/PA_46.html
ESCO Lighting Inc also has an extensive offering of induction lighting:
Their online catalogue can be found here:
Another post from our Chinese counterpart
无极灯
无极感应灯
帮助您节约能源的技术
新型GE无极灯根据感应技术研制而成，与节能灯十分相似。它非常适合替代传统的白炽灯。与标准的反射泡相比，可节约80%的能源。
在长达 3,000 小时的工作期间内，节省的费用不仅收回了购买光源的成本，而且能带来长期的经济效益。
可与标准灯具匹配
节能达80%
节能等级A
迅速预热，光线明亮 http://www.pidai.com.cn http://www.9yi.com.cn http://www.suliao.org.cn http://www.huojia.org http://www.szlvshi.com.cn http://www.lengshuiji.ne http://www.cnwuliu.cn http://www.szseo.com.cn http://www.my21.com.cn
寿命长达15,000 小时。*一只GE无极灯的寿命相当于15只普通白炽灯泡的寿命。
色彩还原性高
适用于需要持续照明和不易于替换的区域
适用于接待区域、楼梯、电梯和走廊。 GE无极灯泡具有宽广的分布光束，只需少量光源便可照亮较大面积的区域。
无极感应灯
帮助您节约能源的技术
新型GE无极灯根据感应技术研制而成，与节能灯十分相似。它非常适合替代传统的白炽灯。与标准的反射泡相比，可节约80%的能源。
在长达 3,000 小时的工作期间内，节省的费用不仅收回了购买光源的成本，而且能带来长期的经济效益。
可与标准灯具匹配
节能达80%
节能等级A
迅速预热，光线明亮 http://www.pidai.com.cn http://www.9yi.com.cn http://www.suliao.org.cn http://www.huojia.org http://www.szlvshi.com.cn http://www.lengshuiji.ne http://www.cnwuliu.cn http://www.szseo.com.cn http://www.my21.com.cn
寿命长达15,000 小时。*一只GE无极灯的寿命相当于15只普通白炽灯泡的寿命。
色彩还原性高
适用于需要持续照明和不易于替换的区域
适用于接待区域、楼梯、电梯和走廊。 GE无极灯泡具有宽广的分布光束，只需少量光源便可照亮较大面积的区域。
A post from our Chinese counterpart
电磁感应无极灯
电磁感应无极灯由于突破了传统的白炽灯、气体放电灯的发光机理，成为人们公认的新一代光源。其高光效、长寿命、高显色性、光线稳定等特点，使电磁感应灯成为理想的绿色照明光源之一。
国内外产品介绍：
1994年，GE公司推出第一只紧凑型无极感应灯――“Genura”。它自身带有控制电路，工作电压为市电电压，电路的工作频率为2.6MHz。Genura无极放电灯的额定功率一般为23w，而工作100h后的输出光通量为1100Lm，即100h后光效为4871Lm/W。Genura灯的寿命为10000h，10000h后的光通量能维持在100h时的70％。色温为3000K，显色指数82，可直接替代100W R80型的反射白炽灯。Genura灯可瞬时启动和再启动，灯内有几层涂层。在凹腔融封前边壳内涂敷一层透明的导电层，用于降低EMI。在凹腔和泡壳的颈部涂敷一层二氧化钛反射层，最后在玻壳上涂一层三基色荧光粉。
90年代初期，日本松下电子公司推出Everlight无极放电灯，与其他灯不同的是它的线圈缠绕在灯的顶部，这增大了耦合常数K，但意味着需要更完善的电磁屏蔽。它是通过在灯的周围覆以金属网结构来达到屏蔽效果，同时灯中电路完全封闭在一个兼作为散热的金属防护罩内。通过镇流器中的控制线路，可以使灯的亮度减弱5％。这种灯的功率为27w，可直接与市电电源连接使用，工作频率13.56MH2，光通量为l000lm，在工作40000h后光衰为50％。90年代后期，德国欧司朗公司也提出了矩形的Endura无极放电灯，灯的功率为150W，亦直接连接市电电源，工作频率2.65MHz，发光效率达80Lm/w，寿命60000h。
飞利浦公司推出的QL灯可直接用于市电电压。它有两种规格：一种为直径110mm、功率85W，光输出60001m、系统效率为71Lm/W；另一种直径85mm、功率55W、光输出为500lm、系统效率为6371Lm/W。这两种灯的色温分别是3000K和4000K，显色指数Ra＞80。启动和再启动时间小于0.1s。在启动后10s内，光通量达到正常值的80％，灯寿命60000h，损坏率小于20％，最低启动温度为－20℃。
国内上海宏源照明电器有限公司推出的电磁感应无极灯系列产品采用了宏源自行研发的专用HY4501、HY4502芯片构成电器控制部分，同时采用了电磁感应原理将电能耦合到灯管内，将灯点亮，使用寿命可长达10万小时以上。由于电磁感应灯属于无灯丝、高光效、高光通、长寿命、高功率因素的新一代节能产品，完全可以替代现有的金卤灯、节能灯等一切室内外照明光源。其主要技术特点有：⒈长寿命：因灯管内无电极，采用了芯片技术，以及电磁感应和高频触发启动，使用寿命可长达10万小时以上。⒉高光效：光效>80Lm/W；⒊无闪烁：由于采用250KHz的高频恒电压点灯，灯光极其稳定。完全消除频闪引起人眼疲劳效应；⒋显色性好：显色指数>80；⒌光衰小：光通维持率达到90％以上；⒍高功率因数：功率因数>0.99；⒎光通量恒定：电压在150～250V的范围内波动，灯照常启动并输出恒定的光通量；⒏可频繁开关：由于采用电磁感应原理将灯点亮，完全克服了灯丝起动的弊端，频繁开关对灯的寿命没有任何影响；⒐适用电压范围广：电压在150V－250V之间均可正常启动工作；⒑输出功率恒定：其输出功率不会因电网电压的波动而变化；⒒快速启动：由于采用电磁感应原理将灯点亮，不存在普通荧光灯启动时的灯丝预热问题，达到快速启动；⒓低温启动：由于该灯不存在灯丝预热温度的问题，在低温下可以正常启动。
广西威尔特照明有限公司生产的WLT-011-A等系列高频无极灯具有长寿命、高光效等特点，主要技术指标：工作电压：185V－255V DC AC；频率：50Hz；额定功率：85W；光效：60—70Lm/W；色温：2700、3000、4000、5000、6500K；工作温度：-20－50℃；波动深度：<5%；色容差：<5；工作频率：2.65MHz；紫外线含量：无；8Kh光衰：<20%；启动时间：瞬时，再启动时间：瞬时。
国外发达国家无极灯技术研发较早，技术相对成熟，光美国从上世纪六十年代开始就有相关专利文献的报道，至今美国专利已有300余篇各类无极灯相关技术报道。如Phllips电子有限公司申请的美国专利US6373198（公开日：2002.04.16）涉及一种感应灯系统，包括一个能提供高频交流电压的供电单元、一根与供电单元连接的供电电缆和一个与供电电缆连接的感应灯。该灯有一个感应线圈，并且在感应线圈和供电电缆之间设置有至少一个电子元件。电子元件与感应线圈和供电电缆一起有组合阻抗Z。根据本发明，由于电子元件的特性，对于任意长度的供电电缆，系统都能保持阻抗Z的虚部Im(Z)的绝对值小于实部Re(Z)。
国内无极灯技术起步相对较晚，研发单位不多，其中上海宏源照明电器有限公司申请了多篇无极灯相关专利，该公司申请的实用新型专利03232268.2（申请日：2003.06.18）涉及一种电磁感应灯结构，包括：灯头，连接灯座；外壳，与灯头相连，内有一空腔；电磁感应灯电路，放置在外壳的空腔内；灯管，灯管的内壁涂有荧光粉层，灯管的腔内含有气体和汞齐；线圈，提供磁场来点亮电磁感应灯；其特点是，支架，与外壳相连，由可拆分的两部分组成，内部形成一空腔，放置连接线；磁环支架，与支架相连；磁环，安放在磁环支架上，呈环形，套在灯管上，磁环上绕有线圈；灯管呈一闭合多边形，外壳位于灯管构成的闭合多边形的中心位置，支架、磁环支架位于一穿过该中心的直线上。
电磁感应无极灯由于突破了传统的白炽灯、气体放电灯的发光机理，成为人们公认的新一代光源。其高光效、长寿命、高显色性、光线稳定等特点，使电磁感应灯成为理想的绿色照明光源之一。
国内外产品介绍：
1994年，GE公司推出第一只紧凑型无极感应灯――“Genura”。它自身带有控制电路，工作电压为市电电压，电路的工作频率为2.6MHz。Genura无极放电灯的额定功率一般为23w，而工作100h后的输出光通量为1100Lm，即100h后光效为4871Lm/W。Genura灯的寿命为10000h，10000h后的光通量能维持在100h时的70％。色温为3000K，显色指数82，可直接替代100W R80型的反射白炽灯。Genura灯可瞬时启动和再启动，灯内有几层涂层。在凹腔融封前边壳内涂敷一层透明的导电层，用于降低EMI。在凹腔和泡壳的颈部涂敷一层二氧化钛反射层，最后在玻壳上涂一层三基色荧光粉。
90年代初期，日本松下电子公司推出Everlight无极放电灯，与其他灯不同的是它的线圈缠绕在灯的顶部，这增大了耦合常数K，但意味着需要更完善的电磁屏蔽。它是通过在灯的周围覆以金属网结构来达到屏蔽效果，同时灯中电路完全封闭在一个兼作为散热的金属防护罩内。通过镇流器中的控制线路，可以使灯的亮度减弱5％。这种灯的功率为27w，可直接与市电电源连接使用，工作频率13.56MH2，光通量为l000lm，在工作40000h后光衰为50％。90年代后期，德国欧司朗公司也提出了矩形的Endura无极放电灯，灯的功率为150W，亦直接连接市电电源，工作频率2.65MHz，发光效率达80Lm/w，寿命60000h。
飞利浦公司推出的QL灯可直接用于市电电压。它有两种规格：一种为直径110mm、功率85W，光输出60001m、系统效率为71Lm/W；另一种直径85mm、功率55W、光输出为500lm、系统效率为6371Lm/W。这两种灯的色温分别是3000K和4000K，显色指数Ra＞80。启动和再启动时间小于0.1s。在启动后10s内，光通量达到正常值的80％，灯寿命60000h，损坏率小于20％，最低启动温度为－20℃。
国内上海宏源照明电器有限公司推出的电磁感应无极灯系列产品采用了宏源自行研发的专用HY4501、HY4502芯片构成电器控制部分，同时采用了电磁感应原理将电能耦合到灯管内，将灯点亮，使用寿命可长达10万小时以上。由于电磁感应灯属于无灯丝、高光效、高光通、长寿命、高功率因素的新一代节能产品，完全可以替代现有的金卤灯、节能灯等一切室内外照明光源。其主要技术特点有：⒈长寿命：因灯管内无电极，采用了芯片技术，以及电磁感应和高频触发启动，使用寿命可长达10万小时以上。⒉高光效：光效>80Lm/W；⒊无闪烁：由于采用250KHz的高频恒电压点灯，灯光极其稳定。完全消除频闪引起人眼疲劳效应；⒋显色性好：显色指数>80；⒌光衰小：光通维持率达到90％以上；⒍高功率因数：功率因数>0.99；⒎光通量恒定：电压在150～250V的范围内波动，灯照常启动并输出恒定的光通量；⒏可频繁开关：由于采用电磁感应原理将灯点亮，完全克服了灯丝起动的弊端，频繁开关对灯的寿命没有任何影响；⒐适用电压范围广：电压在150V－250V之间均可正常启动工作；⒑输出功率恒定：其输出功率不会因电网电压的波动而变化；⒒快速启动：由于采用电磁感应原理将灯点亮，不存在普通荧光灯启动时的灯丝预热问题，达到快速启动；⒓低温启动：由于该灯不存在灯丝预热温度的问题，在低温下可以正常启动。
广西威尔特照明有限公司生产的WLT-011-A等系列高频无极灯具有长寿命、高光效等特点，主要技术指标：工作电压：185V－255V DC AC；频率：50Hz；额定功率：85W；光效：60—70Lm/W；色温：2700、3000、4000、5000、6500K；工作温度：-20－50℃；波动深度：<5%；色容差：<5；工作频率：2.65MHz；紫外线含量：无；8Kh光衰：<20%；启动时间：瞬时，再启动时间：瞬时。
国外发达国家无极灯技术研发较早，技术相对成熟，光美国从上世纪六十年代开始就有相关专利文献的报道，至今美国专利已有300余篇各类无极灯相关技术报道。如Phllips电子有限公司申请的美国专利US6373198（公开日：2002.04.16）涉及一种感应灯系统，包括一个能提供高频交流电压的供电单元、一根与供电单元连接的供电电缆和一个与供电电缆连接的感应灯。该灯有一个感应线圈，并且在感应线圈和供电电缆之间设置有至少一个电子元件。电子元件与感应线圈和供电电缆一起有组合阻抗Z。根据本发明，由于电子元件的特性，对于任意长度的供电电缆，系统都能保持阻抗Z的虚部Im(Z)的绝对值小于实部Re(Z)。
国内无极灯技术起步相对较晚，研发单位不多，其中上海宏源照明电器有限公司申请了多篇无极灯相关专利，该公司申请的实用新型专利03232268.2（申请日：2003.06.18）涉及一种电磁感应灯结构，包括：灯头，连接灯座；外壳，与灯头相连，内有一空腔；电磁感应灯电路，放置在外壳的空腔内；灯管，灯管的内壁涂有荧光粉层，灯管的腔内含有气体和汞齐；线圈，提供磁场来点亮电磁感应灯；其特点是，支架，与外壳相连，由可拆分的两部分组成，内部形成一空腔，放置连接线；磁环支架，与支架相连；磁环，安放在磁环支架上，呈环形，套在灯管上，磁环上绕有线圈；灯管呈一闭合多边形，外壳位于灯管构成的闭合多边形的中心位置，支架、磁环支架位于一穿过该中心的直线上。
Induction Technology: A New Generation of Light, Part II
This is the second part of the featured article on Archtectural Lighting. The original post can be found here:
THE FIXTURES
Jacques LeFevre, president of Indy Lighting, remembers the introduction of induction sources in the early '90s. "The first applications were outdoors and the lamps were quite expensive, so we didn't get too excited," said LeFevre. (Indy specializes in specification-grade fixtures for retail and commercial environments.) "But a couple of years ago, our customer base started to show an interest in induction lighting because of the long life, so we began working on fixtures for places like escalator wells and ceilings over open mall areas." Their first product was an induction downlight using the Icetron lamp that was installed above escalators and outside entrances to several Dillard's department stores. Indy now offers standard fixtures using both the 100W Icetron and the 85W QL lamps. Although LeFevre is enthusiastic about induction technology, he wants to be sure that limitations such as temperature control of the generators are addressed. He added, "Premature failures are always bad, but in the places we're putting these fixtures, they would be very costly to replace."
Bob Fiermuga is the owner of Eclipse Lighting, a company that specializes in decorative outdoor luminaires. He said, "We are fascinated by induction technology—we think some of the bigger manufacturers may be overlooking this market." Eclipse offers the 55W and 85W QL lamp in its Galileo outdoor wall sconce, as well as in several institutional and vandal-resistant fixtures. "Induction lighting is a premium system, but the maintenance benefits are worth it," said Fiermuga. "The public sector in particular is always looking for ways to trim their maintenance budgets." He also thinks that induction lighting makes sense for parking garage illumination. Although maintenance access is not difficult for these fixtures, they usually burn 24 hours a day, making the long lifetime an attractive feature. Eclipse offers four different garage fixtures that use either the 165W QL and the 150W Icetron lamp.
Another good place for induction lighting is in bollards. "We've been amazed at the interest in induction-lit bollards," said Kathleen Romfoe, product manager for Phoenix Products Co., an outdoor luminaire OEM. "Owners like the fact that you can put them out there and forget about them. We're selling them to municipal governments." Phoenix offers the 55W and 85W QL lamps in most of their bollards and in some shaded pendants and gooseneck fixtures.
Some of the key applications for induction lighting are roadway environments, particularly in tunnels and underpasses where maintenance is a real challenge. Robert Small, an engineering specialist with the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), says that to change some lamps over roadways requires a small battalion of workers, including bucket trucks equipped with crash cushions, flashing arrow vehicles, cone placement and retrieval, and even police cars. TxDOT is now installing three different types of induction fixtures on a testing basis in the Spring Valley Tunnel in Dallas. "If we get the expected lifetime out of these lamps, we won't be going out there to touch them for 20 years," said Small, noting that test installations are also underway or planned in El Paso, Austin and Ft. Worth.
The Texas installations demonstrate an additional benefit of induction technology: luminaire positioning. Typically, sodium fixtures are mounted to the side of the roadway for maintenance access, so they must throw light across the road. The induction fixtures can be mounted right over the road where they can more effectively and evenly illuminate the road surface.
LINGERING CONCERNS
Induction sources pose technical challenges, most of which have been addressed by vendors now that the technology is nearly a decade old. Early systems faced concerns about electromagnetic interference from the field generators, but today's products meet FCC 47CFR Part 18 Non-Consumer certification, and complaints are just about non-existent.
LeFevre points out that the relatively small lumen package of the induction sources poses a challenge for luminaire designers. He said, "We want to put these things in high-ceiling areas to get the maintenance benefits, but you need a lot of light to reach the floor from up there." The larger 165W Philips QL lamps have helped address this problem. Another consideration is that the induction sources are essentially big blobs of light, so it's more difficult to design an effective reflector for them than the small arc tube of HID sources. Eclipse's Bob Fiermuga notes that the shape of the QL lamp makes it more applicable for refractor-type downlights, while the flat profile of the Icetron makes it more appropriate for cutoff-type floodlights.
A final concern is the temperature sensitivity of the generator, which is a solid-state electronic device that can fail prematurely if it gets too hot. While HID systems can operate at temperatures of 90-105 degrees Celsius, induction systems are limited to the 70-75-degree Celsius range. Danny Lambeth, president of Infinity Lighting, explains that his engineers have been working for the past four years to solve the temperature limitations associated with induction technology. "If you exceed the rated temperature, the warranty is out the window," he said. Still, with careful design and testing, Lambeth thinks induction technology can do the job. He noted, "If you can design an induction fixture that can handle the heat, is watertight and explosion proof, it's a home run."
January/February 2002 Architectural Lighting Magazine
THE FIXTURES
Jacques LeFevre, president of Indy Lighting, remembers the introduction of induction sources in the early '90s. "The first applications were outdoors and the lamps were quite expensive, so we didn't get too excited," said LeFevre. (Indy specializes in specification-grade fixtures for retail and commercial environments.) "But a couple of years ago, our customer base started to show an interest in induction lighting because of the long life, so we began working on fixtures for places like escalator wells and ceilings over open mall areas." Their first product was an induction downlight using the Icetron lamp that was installed above escalators and outside entrances to several Dillard's department stores. Indy now offers standard fixtures using both the 100W Icetron and the 85W QL lamps. Although LeFevre is enthusiastic about induction technology, he wants to be sure that limitations such as temperature control of the generators are addressed. He added, "Premature failures are always bad, but in the places we're putting these fixtures, they would be very costly to replace."
Bob Fiermuga is the owner of Eclipse Lighting, a company that specializes in decorative outdoor luminaires. He said, "We are fascinated by induction technology—we think some of the bigger manufacturers may be overlooking this market." Eclipse offers the 55W and 85W QL lamp in its Galileo outdoor wall sconce, as well as in several institutional and vandal-resistant fixtures. "Induction lighting is a premium system, but the maintenance benefits are worth it," said Fiermuga. "The public sector in particular is always looking for ways to trim their maintenance budgets." He also thinks that induction lighting makes sense for parking garage illumination. Although maintenance access is not difficult for these fixtures, they usually burn 24 hours a day, making the long lifetime an attractive feature. Eclipse offers four different garage fixtures that use either the 165W QL and the 150W Icetron lamp.
Another good place for induction lighting is in bollards. "We've been amazed at the interest in induction-lit bollards," said Kathleen Romfoe, product manager for Phoenix Products Co., an outdoor luminaire OEM. "Owners like the fact that you can put them out there and forget about them. We're selling them to municipal governments." Phoenix offers the 55W and 85W QL lamps in most of their bollards and in some shaded pendants and gooseneck fixtures.
Some of the key applications for induction lighting are roadway environments, particularly in tunnels and underpasses where maintenance is a real challenge. Robert Small, an engineering specialist with the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), says that to change some lamps over roadways requires a small battalion of workers, including bucket trucks equipped with crash cushions, flashing arrow vehicles, cone placement and retrieval, and even police cars. TxDOT is now installing three different types of induction fixtures on a testing basis in the Spring Valley Tunnel in Dallas. "If we get the expected lifetime out of these lamps, we won't be going out there to touch them for 20 years," said Small, noting that test installations are also underway or planned in El Paso, Austin and Ft. Worth.
The Texas installations demonstrate an additional benefit of induction technology: luminaire positioning. Typically, sodium fixtures are mounted to the side of the roadway for maintenance access, so they must throw light across the road. The induction fixtures can be mounted right over the road where they can more effectively and evenly illuminate the road surface.
LINGERING CONCERNS
Induction sources pose technical challenges, most of which have been addressed by vendors now that the technology is nearly a decade old. Early systems faced concerns about electromagnetic interference from the field generators, but today's products meet FCC 47CFR Part 18 Non-Consumer certification, and complaints are just about non-existent.
LeFevre points out that the relatively small lumen package of the induction sources poses a challenge for luminaire designers. He said, "We want to put these things in high-ceiling areas to get the maintenance benefits, but you need a lot of light to reach the floor from up there." The larger 165W Philips QL lamps have helped address this problem. Another consideration is that the induction sources are essentially big blobs of light, so it's more difficult to design an effective reflector for them than the small arc tube of HID sources. Eclipse's Bob Fiermuga notes that the shape of the QL lamp makes it more applicable for refractor-type downlights, while the flat profile of the Icetron makes it more appropriate for cutoff-type floodlights.
A final concern is the temperature sensitivity of the generator, which is a solid-state electronic device that can fail prematurely if it gets too hot. While HID systems can operate at temperatures of 90-105 degrees Celsius, induction systems are limited to the 70-75-degree Celsius range. Danny Lambeth, president of Infinity Lighting, explains that his engineers have been working for the past four years to solve the temperature limitations associated with induction technology. "If you exceed the rated temperature, the warranty is out the window," he said. Still, with careful design and testing, Lambeth thinks induction technology can do the job. He noted, "If you can design an induction fixture that can handle the heat, is watertight and explosion proof, it's a home run."
January/February 2002 Architectural Lighting Magazine
Tuesday, November 28, 2006
1st Source Lighting has an extensive offering of induction lighting and fixtures
Their online catalogue can be found here:
Manufacture of fluorescent high/low bay fixtures to replace HID's using the T5 HO and Induction light sources.
Here is a case study on Waste Isolation Pilot Plant.
Manufacture of fluorescent high/low bay fixtures to replace HID's using the T5 HO and Induction light sources.
Here is a case study on Waste Isolation Pilot Plant.
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, has an article on induction lighting
The original post can be found here:
Electrodeless lamp
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In contrast with all other electrical lamps that use electrical connections through the lamp envelope to transfer power to the lamp, in electrodeless lamps the power needed to generate light is transferred from the outside of the lamp envelope by means of (electro)magnetic fields. There are two advantages of eliminating electrodes. The first is extended bulb life, because the electrodes are usually the limiting factor in bulb life. The second benefit is the ability to use light-generating substances that would react with metal electrodes in normal lamps.
Two systems are described below—one based on conventional fluorescent lamp phosphors, and a second based on the use of direct-radiating sulfur vapor.
History
in 1705 the English scientist Francis Hauksbee demonstrated that a mercury filled evacuated glass globe could emit light, by static electricity. In 1891, Nikola Tesla demonstrated wireless transfer of power to incandescent lamps, US patent 454622. John Anderson General Electric 2, 3 applied for patents in 1967 and 1968 for electrodeless lamps, with a construction almost similar to elctrodeless lamps that are available on the market in 2006. It would last until 1990 before large scale production of induction lamps for lighting purposes would commence.
Fluorescent induction lamps
Aside from the method of coupling energy into the mercury vapor, these lamps are very similar to conventional fluorescent lamps. Mercury vapor in the discharge vessel is electrically excited to produce short-wave ultraviolet light, which then excites the phosphors to produce visible light. While still relatively unknown to the public, these lamps have been available since 1990. The most common form has the shape of an incandescent light bulb. Unlike an incandescent lamp or conventional fluorescent lamps, there is no electrical connection going inside the glass bulb; the energy is transferred through the glass envelope solely by electromagnetic induction.
In the most common form, a glass tube (B) protrudes bulb-wards from the bottom of the discharge vessel (A). This tube contains an antenna called a power coupler, which consists of a coil wound over tubular ferrite core.
In lower-frequency versions of induction systems, the lamp consists of two long parallel glass tubes, connected by two short tubes that have coils mounted around them.
The antenna coils receive electric power from the electronic ballast (C) that generates a high frequency. The exact frequency varies with lamp design, but popular examples include 13.6 MHz, 2.65 MHz and 250 kHz (in physically large lamps). A special resonant circuit in the ballast produces an initial high voltage on the coil to start a gas discharge; thereafter the voltage is reduced to normal running level.
The system can be seen as a type of transformer, with the power coupler forming the primary coil and the gas discharge arc in the bulb forming the one-turn secondary coil and the load of the transformer. The ballast is connected to mains electricity, and is generally designed to operate on voltages between 100 and 277 VAC at a frequency of 50 or 60 Hz. Most ballasts can also be connected to DC voltage sources like batteries for emergency lighting purposes.
In other conventional gas discharge lamps, the electrodes are the part with the shortest life, limiting the lamp lifespan severely. Since an induction lamp has no electrodes, it can have a very long service life. For induction lamp systems with a separate ballast, the service life can be as long as 100,000 hours, which is 11.4 years continuous operation, or 22.8 years used at night or day only. For induction lamps with integrated ballast, the life is 15,000 to 30,000 hours. Extremely high-quality electronic circuits are needed for the ballast to attain such a long service life. Such expensive lamps have special application areas in situations where replacement costs are high.
Philips introduced their QL induction lighting systems, operating at 2.65 MHz, in 1990 in Europe and in 1992 in the US. Matsushita had induction light systems available in 1992. Intersource Technologies also announced one in 1992, called the E-lamp. Operating at 13.6 MHz, it was to be available on the US market in 1993 but as of July 2005 very few of these lamps have been manufactured.
Since 1994, General Electric has produced its induction lamp Genura with an integrated ballast, operating at 2.65 MHz. In 1996, Osram started selling their Endura induction light system, operating at 250 kHz. It is available in the US as Sylvania Icetron.
A new comer in 2006, AMKO GROUP in Taiwan has introduced their induction lamp SOLARA with a dimmable ballast and up to 400 watts of output. The neat thing about these guys is that they integrated heat dissipation solutions into their products by working with Taiwan's CPU cooling manufacturers. The lamp is produced by their subsidiary company, which is a listed company in Singapore, and they have been producing induction lighting systems for more than seven years. Research and development on induction lighting started ten years ago at a post-doctoral research facility in China. In the past, their products were available only exclusively to contracted distributors and OEM customers. That is why only industry insiders and a few researchers know about them.
Research on electrodeless lamps continues, with variations in operating frequency, lamp shape, the induction coils and other design parameters, such as Mercury free gas fills like Indiumhalogenides. Low public awareness and the relatively high prices have so far kept the use of such lamps highly specialized.
Direct-radiating sulfur lamps
Electrodeless lamp
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In contrast with all other electrical lamps that use electrical connections through the lamp envelope to transfer power to the lamp, in electrodeless lamps the power needed to generate light is transferred from the outside of the lamp envelope by means of (electro)magnetic fields. There are two advantages of eliminating electrodes. The first is extended bulb life, because the electrodes are usually the limiting factor in bulb life. The second benefit is the ability to use light-generating substances that would react with metal electrodes in normal lamps.
Two systems are described below—one based on conventional fluorescent lamp phosphors, and a second based on the use of direct-radiating sulfur vapor.
History
in 1705 the English scientist Francis Hauksbee demonstrated that a mercury filled evacuated glass globe could emit light, by static electricity. In 1891, Nikola Tesla demonstrated wireless transfer of power to incandescent lamps, US patent 454622. John Anderson General Electric 2, 3 applied for patents in 1967 and 1968 for electrodeless lamps, with a construction almost similar to elctrodeless lamps that are available on the market in 2006. It would last until 1990 before large scale production of induction lamps for lighting purposes would commence.
Fluorescent induction lamps
Aside from the method of coupling energy into the mercury vapor, these lamps are very similar to conventional fluorescent lamps. Mercury vapor in the discharge vessel is electrically excited to produce short-wave ultraviolet light, which then excites the phosphors to produce visible light. While still relatively unknown to the public, these lamps have been available since 1990. The most common form has the shape of an incandescent light bulb. Unlike an incandescent lamp or conventional fluorescent lamps, there is no electrical connection going inside the glass bulb; the energy is transferred through the glass envelope solely by electromagnetic induction.
In the most common form, a glass tube (B) protrudes bulb-wards from the bottom of the discharge vessel (A). This tube contains an antenna called a power coupler, which consists of a coil wound over tubular ferrite core.
In lower-frequency versions of induction systems, the lamp consists of two long parallel glass tubes, connected by two short tubes that have coils mounted around them.
The antenna coils receive electric power from the electronic ballast (C) that generates a high frequency. The exact frequency varies with lamp design, but popular examples include 13.6 MHz, 2.65 MHz and 250 kHz (in physically large lamps). A special resonant circuit in the ballast produces an initial high voltage on the coil to start a gas discharge; thereafter the voltage is reduced to normal running level.
The system can be seen as a type of transformer, with the power coupler forming the primary coil and the gas discharge arc in the bulb forming the one-turn secondary coil and the load of the transformer. The ballast is connected to mains electricity, and is generally designed to operate on voltages between 100 and 277 VAC at a frequency of 50 or 60 Hz. Most ballasts can also be connected to DC voltage sources like batteries for emergency lighting purposes.
In other conventional gas discharge lamps, the electrodes are the part with the shortest life, limiting the lamp lifespan severely. Since an induction lamp has no electrodes, it can have a very long service life. For induction lamp systems with a separate ballast, the service life can be as long as 100,000 hours, which is 11.4 years continuous operation, or 22.8 years used at night or day only. For induction lamps with integrated ballast, the life is 15,000 to 30,000 hours. Extremely high-quality electronic circuits are needed for the ballast to attain such a long service life. Such expensive lamps have special application areas in situations where replacement costs are high.
Philips introduced their QL induction lighting systems, operating at 2.65 MHz, in 1990 in Europe and in 1992 in the US. Matsushita had induction light systems available in 1992. Intersource Technologies also announced one in 1992, called the E-lamp. Operating at 13.6 MHz, it was to be available on the US market in 1993 but as of July 2005 very few of these lamps have been manufactured.
Since 1994, General Electric has produced its induction lamp Genura with an integrated ballast, operating at 2.65 MHz. In 1996, Osram started selling their Endura induction light system, operating at 250 kHz. It is available in the US as Sylvania Icetron.
A new comer in 2006, AMKO GROUP in Taiwan has introduced their induction lamp SOLARA with a dimmable ballast and up to 400 watts of output. The neat thing about these guys is that they integrated heat dissipation solutions into their products by working with Taiwan's CPU cooling manufacturers. The lamp is produced by their subsidiary company, which is a listed company in Singapore, and they have been producing induction lighting systems for more than seven years. Research and development on induction lighting started ten years ago at a post-doctoral research facility in China. In the past, their products were available only exclusively to contracted distributors and OEM customers. That is why only industry insiders and a few researchers know about them.
Research on electrodeless lamps continues, with variations in operating frequency, lamp shape, the induction coils and other design parameters, such as Mercury free gas fills like Indiumhalogenides. Low public awareness and the relatively high prices have so far kept the use of such lamps highly specialized.
Direct-radiating sulfur lamps
Lithonia Lighting offers Philips QL and Sylvania ICETRON induction lights
The original post can be found here:
Induction Lighting
Practically maintenance-free, induction lighting offers many features that make it an attractive light source and is emerging as one of the newest technologies in lighting. With a 100,000 hour rated life, these systems seldom need replacing. Particularly useful in applications where lamp replacement is cumbersome and expensive, as in some outdoor applications and in hard-to-reach areas such as tunnels, airports, public facilities, freezers, and many others.
Ultra-Long Life -100,000 hour rated life*, perfect for hard-to-reach applications
Low Total Cost of Ownership - reduced energy and maintenance costs
Crisp White Light - choice of color temperatures
Outstanding Color Performance - no shift over lamp life, high 80+ color rendering
High Reliability - instant hot and cold start-up and re-start
Stable Light Output - no variation over a wide range of temperatures and voltage fluctuations
High efficacy
Because its light output is not significantly influenced by ambient temperature, the induction lamp can start at very low temperatures, maintaining at least 85% of nominal lumens. Induction lighting produces high quality light in a variety of color temperatures. This makes it useful in a multitude of applications while still offering improved efficiency. This gives lighting designers more options in their designs. Relatively insensitive to line voltage fluctuations, its light output remains constant over a wide range of input voltages. The induction lamp is ideal for indoor and outdoor applications where durability and long life is certainly a high priority. As a compact source, the induction lamp can be used in a wide range of fixtures, adding further flexibility for the lighting designer.
The induction lighting system provides a longer-life lamp, superior lumen maintenance, and the crisp white light currently available from similar wattage metal halide lighting systems. These product advantages could turn into major dollar savings when considering maintenance, labor, and replacement lamp cost of existing metal halide lighting fixtures. In most cases the payback in maintenance savings will more than offset the initial cost of the system.
Lithonia Lighting warranties the fixture for one year from date of shipment, lamp manufacture warranties the lamp and ballast system for five years from date of shipment.
Induction Lighting
Practically maintenance-free, induction lighting offers many features that make it an attractive light source and is emerging as one of the newest technologies in lighting. With a 100,000 hour rated life, these systems seldom need replacing. Particularly useful in applications where lamp replacement is cumbersome and expensive, as in some outdoor applications and in hard-to-reach areas such as tunnels, airports, public facilities, freezers, and many others.
Ultra-Long Life -100,000 hour rated life*, perfect for hard-to-reach applications
Low Total Cost of Ownership - reduced energy and maintenance costs
Crisp White Light - choice of color temperatures
Outstanding Color Performance - no shift over lamp life, high 80+ color rendering
High Reliability - instant hot and cold start-up and re-start
Stable Light Output - no variation over a wide range of temperatures and voltage fluctuations
High efficacy
Because its light output is not significantly influenced by ambient temperature, the induction lamp can start at very low temperatures, maintaining at least 85% of nominal lumens. Induction lighting produces high quality light in a variety of color temperatures. This makes it useful in a multitude of applications while still offering improved efficiency. This gives lighting designers more options in their designs. Relatively insensitive to line voltage fluctuations, its light output remains constant over a wide range of input voltages. The induction lamp is ideal for indoor and outdoor applications where durability and long life is certainly a high priority. As a compact source, the induction lamp can be used in a wide range of fixtures, adding further flexibility for the lighting designer.
The induction lighting system provides a longer-life lamp, superior lumen maintenance, and the crisp white light currently available from similar wattage metal halide lighting systems. These product advantages could turn into major dollar savings when considering maintenance, labor, and replacement lamp cost of existing metal halide lighting fixtures. In most cases the payback in maintenance savings will more than offset the initial cost of the system.
Lithonia Lighting warranties the fixture for one year from date of shipment, lamp manufacture warranties the lamp and ballast system for five years from date of shipment.
FAQ on Induction Lighting by Philips
The original PDF document can be found
here:
Q. What is the QL and how does induction lighting work?
A. The QL lamp systems uses a revolutionary technology of light generation that combines the basic principals ofinduction and gas discharge in an A-lamp design. Void of electrodes this new technology delivers an unprecedented100,000 hours of high quality white light.
Q. What are the components of the QL system?
A. The system is comprised of three components; the generator, the power coupler and the lamp.
Q. Why QL Lighting?
A. QL induction lighting offers an amazing 100,000hours life making it virtually maintenance free. It offers crisp white light with 80+ CRI and a choice of 3K and 4K color temperatures. QLoffers high reliability and instant on and off.
Q. Does QL need a dedicated fixture?
A. Yes. Due to operating and thermal requirements the system needs to be properly installed in a suitable fixture.
Q. Who makes a QL fixture?
A. Most fixture manufacturers are familiar with the QL system and offer fixtures designed around the QL. Ask your local Philips sales representative for a complete listing.
Q. Can running a lamp interfere with computers or any other electronic device?
A. No. The QL system complies with FCC rules with noninterference under normal circumstances.
Q. Will the QL lighting system interfere with telecommunication equipment?
A. No. The FCC standards are in place to protect navigation and radio communications. The system will not interfere with portable or cellular/mobile phones.
Q. Is the light output of a QL lamp affected by low temperature? High temperatures?
A. QL’s amalgam fill technology and the heat conduction rod in the center create stable light output over a wide range of ambient temperatures, maintaining at least 85% of nominal lumens from -30° F to 130° F(for an enclosed fixture with heatsink). QL systems can start at temperatures as low as -40° F.
Q. Does operating position affect output?
A. No. The universal operating position does not affect the performance of the QL system.
Q. What is the color shift of the QL system?
A. The color shift is very small over life. In new installations the color may appear “pink” until the system stabilizesand the mercury has vaporized. The light will change to a normal white color within a few minutes.
Q. Is QL dimmable?
A. At the present time QL cannot be dimmed.
Q. Can the QL system be used for a “flashing beacon”?
A. The QL system is recommended for use in long burning applications. Constant on and off switching reduces the system life significantly.
Q. Is QL vibration-resistant?
A. Yes. The fact that QL has no electrodes makes it more reliable in high-vibration and gusty applications. QL has proven its durability in bridges, tunnels, and signage applications.
Q. What, if any, is the effect of voltage supply fluctuations on the performance of the QL system?
A. Due to the built-in pre-conditioner in the HF generator, which provides a well stabilized internal supply voltage(a wide operating voltage range of +/- 20V) to the HF generator, the light output, consumed power and systemefficacy (efficiency) of lamp system vary by less than 2% as a result of mains voltage fluctuations. There is nonoticeable effect (visual or measurable) on the color performance (color temperature, color rendering, etc.) due to supply voltage fluctuation.
Q. Will QL lighting fade or damage materials?
A. The amount of ultraviolet light generated by an 85W QL is roughly equivalent to that of a regular fluorescentlamp per 1000 lux. The permissible exposure time (PET) is >40 hours per 1000 lux, generously above the norm(24 hours per 1000 lux). The damage factor for materials is rated at a low 0.3 so QLs can generally be used inopen luminaires without any front glass.
Q. How far can the HF generator be remotely mounted from the power coupler/discharge vessel assembly?
A. The length of the coaxial cable connecting them (15”). Because the cable forms part of the oscillating circuit of the HF generator, the length of the cable cannot be modified.
Q. At the end of life, must all components be replaced?
A. All three components are separately replaceable, however, QL is almost always supplied as a three-component system, even for relamping. End of life usually means the generator must be replaced and, at the time, it is usuallyrecommended to replace the bulb, as phosphor degeneration at 100,000 hours lowers lumen output 35% to 40%.
Q. Why is QL worth more?
A. QL offers five to ten times the life of HID systems for only two to three times the cost of the HID lamp and ballast. And the QL system is warranted for five years. In most cases the payback in maintenance savings will more than offset the additional cost of the initial system.P-5502
here:
Q. What is the QL and how does induction lighting work?
A. The QL lamp systems uses a revolutionary technology of light generation that combines the basic principals ofinduction and gas discharge in an A-lamp design. Void of electrodes this new technology delivers an unprecedented100,000 hours of high quality white light.
Q. What are the components of the QL system?
A. The system is comprised of three components; the generator, the power coupler and the lamp.
Q. Why QL Lighting?
A. QL induction lighting offers an amazing 100,000hours life making it virtually maintenance free. It offers crisp white light with 80+ CRI and a choice of 3K and 4K color temperatures. QLoffers high reliability and instant on and off.
Q. Does QL need a dedicated fixture?
A. Yes. Due to operating and thermal requirements the system needs to be properly installed in a suitable fixture.
Q. Who makes a QL fixture?
A. Most fixture manufacturers are familiar with the QL system and offer fixtures designed around the QL. Ask your local Philips sales representative for a complete listing.
Q. Can running a lamp interfere with computers or any other electronic device?
A. No. The QL system complies with FCC rules with noninterference under normal circumstances.
Q. Will the QL lighting system interfere with telecommunication equipment?
A. No. The FCC standards are in place to protect navigation and radio communications. The system will not interfere with portable or cellular/mobile phones.
Q. Is the light output of a QL lamp affected by low temperature? High temperatures?
A. QL’s amalgam fill technology and the heat conduction rod in the center create stable light output over a wide range of ambient temperatures, maintaining at least 85% of nominal lumens from -30° F to 130° F(for an enclosed fixture with heatsink). QL systems can start at temperatures as low as -40° F.
Q. Does operating position affect output?
A. No. The universal operating position does not affect the performance of the QL system.
Q. What is the color shift of the QL system?
A. The color shift is very small over life. In new installations the color may appear “pink” until the system stabilizesand the mercury has vaporized. The light will change to a normal white color within a few minutes.
Q. Is QL dimmable?
A. At the present time QL cannot be dimmed.
Q. Can the QL system be used for a “flashing beacon”?
A. The QL system is recommended for use in long burning applications. Constant on and off switching reduces the system life significantly.
Q. Is QL vibration-resistant?
A. Yes. The fact that QL has no electrodes makes it more reliable in high-vibration and gusty applications. QL has proven its durability in bridges, tunnels, and signage applications.
Q. What, if any, is the effect of voltage supply fluctuations on the performance of the QL system?
A. Due to the built-in pre-conditioner in the HF generator, which provides a well stabilized internal supply voltage(a wide operating voltage range of +/- 20V) to the HF generator, the light output, consumed power and systemefficacy (efficiency) of lamp system vary by less than 2% as a result of mains voltage fluctuations. There is nonoticeable effect (visual or measurable) on the color performance (color temperature, color rendering, etc.) due to supply voltage fluctuation.
Q. Will QL lighting fade or damage materials?
A. The amount of ultraviolet light generated by an 85W QL is roughly equivalent to that of a regular fluorescentlamp per 1000 lux. The permissible exposure time (PET) is >40 hours per 1000 lux, generously above the norm(24 hours per 1000 lux). The damage factor for materials is rated at a low 0.3 so QLs can generally be used inopen luminaires without any front glass.
Q. How far can the HF generator be remotely mounted from the power coupler/discharge vessel assembly?
A. The length of the coaxial cable connecting them (15”). Because the cable forms part of the oscillating circuit of the HF generator, the length of the cable cannot be modified.
Q. At the end of life, must all components be replaced?
A. All three components are separately replaceable, however, QL is almost always supplied as a three-component system, even for relamping. End of life usually means the generator must be replaced and, at the time, it is usuallyrecommended to replace the bulb, as phosphor degeneration at 100,000 hours lowers lumen output 35% to 40%.
Q. Why is QL worth more?
A. QL offers five to ten times the life of HID systems for only two to three times the cost of the HID lamp and ballast. And the QL system is warranted for five years. In most cases the payback in maintenance savings will more than offset the additional cost of the initial system.P-5502
Friday, November 24, 2006
Existing Manufacturers of Induction Lighting Systems
Lamptech UK has kept a good record of induction systems currently on the market.
From the Big Three and US:
Philips QL Electrodeless Induction System Lamps: http://www.lamptech.co.uk/Spec%20Sheets/Philips%20QL85.htm
OSRAM Endura Inductively Coupled Electrodeless: http://www.lamptech.co.uk/Spec%20Sheets/Osram%20Endura.htm
GE Genura Self-ballasted Electrodeless Reflector: http://www.lamptech.co.uk/Spec%20Sheets/GE%20Genura.htm
Slyvania (Osram) Icetron Electrodeless Lamp system: http://www.sylvania.com/BusinessProducts/LightingForBusiness/Products/Lamps/Fluorescent/Icetron/
Japanese:
Matsushita National Electrodeless Pa-Look Ball YOU: http://www.lamptech.co.uk/Spec%20Sheets/National%20PFA15.htm
Last but not least, the Chinese manufacturers, including Hong Kong and Taiwan:
Amko SOLARA Induction Lights: http://www.amko.com.tw/
Tungda Dura-Lite Electrodeless Induction Lamp: http://www.lamptech.co.uk/Spec%20Sheets/Tungda%20TL85.htm
Hongyuan LVD Electrodeless Induction Lamp: http://www.lamptech.co.uk/Spec%20Sheets/Hongyuan%20Saturn%202.htm
From the Big Three and US:
Philips QL Electrodeless Induction System Lamps: http://www.lamptech.co.uk/Spec%20Sheets/Philips%20QL85.htm
OSRAM Endura Inductively Coupled Electrodeless: http://www.lamptech.co.uk/Spec%20Sheets/Osram%20Endura.htm
GE Genura Self-ballasted Electrodeless Reflector: http://www.lamptech.co.uk/Spec%20Sheets/GE%20Genura.htm
Slyvania (Osram) Icetron Electrodeless Lamp system: http://www.sylvania.com/BusinessProducts/LightingForBusiness/Products/Lamps/Fluorescent/Icetron/
Japanese:
Matsushita National Electrodeless Pa-Look Ball YOU: http://www.lamptech.co.uk/Spec%20Sheets/National%20PFA15.htm
Last but not least, the Chinese manufacturers, including Hong Kong and Taiwan:
Amko SOLARA Induction Lights: http://www.amko.com.tw/
Tungda Dura-Lite Electrodeless Induction Lamp: http://www.lamptech.co.uk/Spec%20Sheets/Tungda%20TL85.htm
Hongyuan LVD Electrodeless Induction Lamp: http://www.lamptech.co.uk/Spec%20Sheets/Hongyuan%20Saturn%202.htm
High/Low-Bay Applications: Fluorescent or Metal Halide?
A good white paper that details the advantages and disadvantages between Fluorescent and Metal Halide systems. Induction lighting gets a mention.
The original document can be found here: http://www.aboutlightingcontrols.org/education/papers/high-low-bay.shtml
Induction lighting
Some manufacturers have recently introduced induction lighting fixtures as a replacement for HID fixtures in high-ceiling applications. Like fluorescent, induction lighting offers the benefits of instant on and instant re-strike, ability to be used with occupancy sensors, lamp-to-lamp color consistency, good lumen maintenance, and negligible color shift. Primary advantages include compact fixture size, up to 100,000-hour rated lamp life, and retained performance in extremely cold conditions.
An induction system is similar to a fluorescent system in that mercury in a gas fill inside the bulb is excited, emitting UV radiation that in turn is converted into visible white light by the phosphor coating on the bulb. Like fluorescent, the phosphor coating determines the color qualities of the light. Fluorescent lamps use electrodes to strike the arc and initiate the flow of current through the lamp, which excites the gas fill. Each time voltage is supplied by the ballast and the arc is struck, the electrodes degrade a little, eventually causing the lamp to fail. Induction lamps do not use electrodes. Instead of a ballast, the system uses a high-frequency generator with a power coupler. The generator produces a radio frequency magnetic field to excite gas fill. With no electrodes, the lamp lasts longer. Induction lamps, in fact, last up to 100,000 hours, with the lamp producing 70% of its light output at 60,000 hours. In other words, their rated life is 5-13 times longer than metal halide (7,500 to 20,000 hours at 10 hours/start) and about seven times longer than T12HO fluorescent (at 10 hours/start).
Long life with subsequent maintenance and lamp replacement savings, combined with high system efficiency, result in life-cycle cost savings for the owner.
Induction lamps are ideally suited for high-ceiling applications where the lamps are difficult, costly or hazardous to access. They are also ideally suited for such applications where the advantages of fluorescent lighting are sought but a light source is needed that can start and operate efficiently in extremely cold temperatures. As a result, induction lighting is a suitable for a wide range of applications, including not only warehouses, industrial buildings, cafeterias, gymnasiums, etc., but also signage, tunnels, bridges, roadways, outdoor area and security fixtures, parking garages, public spaces, and freezer and cold storage lighting.
Induction lighting poses several disadvantages. These lamps cannot be dimmed. Induction lighting cannot retrofit existing HID fixtures without a dedicated retrofit kit. In addition, an induction system can cost up to 4+ times more than an HID system.
The original document can be found here: http://www.aboutlightingcontrols.org/education/papers/high-low-bay.shtml
Induction lighting
Some manufacturers have recently introduced induction lighting fixtures as a replacement for HID fixtures in high-ceiling applications. Like fluorescent, induction lighting offers the benefits of instant on and instant re-strike, ability to be used with occupancy sensors, lamp-to-lamp color consistency, good lumen maintenance, and negligible color shift. Primary advantages include compact fixture size, up to 100,000-hour rated lamp life, and retained performance in extremely cold conditions.
An induction system is similar to a fluorescent system in that mercury in a gas fill inside the bulb is excited, emitting UV radiation that in turn is converted into visible white light by the phosphor coating on the bulb. Like fluorescent, the phosphor coating determines the color qualities of the light. Fluorescent lamps use electrodes to strike the arc and initiate the flow of current through the lamp, which excites the gas fill. Each time voltage is supplied by the ballast and the arc is struck, the electrodes degrade a little, eventually causing the lamp to fail. Induction lamps do not use electrodes. Instead of a ballast, the system uses a high-frequency generator with a power coupler. The generator produces a radio frequency magnetic field to excite gas fill. With no electrodes, the lamp lasts longer. Induction lamps, in fact, last up to 100,000 hours, with the lamp producing 70% of its light output at 60,000 hours. In other words, their rated life is 5-13 times longer than metal halide (7,500 to 20,000 hours at 10 hours/start) and about seven times longer than T12HO fluorescent (at 10 hours/start).
Long life with subsequent maintenance and lamp replacement savings, combined with high system efficiency, result in life-cycle cost savings for the owner.
Induction lamps are ideally suited for high-ceiling applications where the lamps are difficult, costly or hazardous to access. They are also ideally suited for such applications where the advantages of fluorescent lighting are sought but a light source is needed that can start and operate efficiently in extremely cold temperatures. As a result, induction lighting is a suitable for a wide range of applications, including not only warehouses, industrial buildings, cafeterias, gymnasiums, etc., but also signage, tunnels, bridges, roadways, outdoor area and security fixtures, parking garages, public spaces, and freezer and cold storage lighting.
Induction lighting poses several disadvantages. These lamps cannot be dimmed. Induction lighting cannot retrofit existing HID fixtures without a dedicated retrofit kit. In addition, an induction system can cost up to 4+ times more than an HID system.
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